[The history of gallbladder and bile duct diagnosis]. / Geschiedenis van de galblaas- en galweg-diagnostiek.

In the first period (1896-1910), investigation was made through plain abdominal film with description and differential diagnosis of the different calcifications in the right hypochondrium. Second period (1911-1924): indirect signs of liver and gallbladder pathology were described. Via pneumoperitoneum and gastro-intestinal opacification the pathology in the right hypochondrium was delineated and interpreted. Third period (1924 until now): due to the development of contrast agents for the gallbladder and biliary tree, these organs could be directly visualized either by intravenous injection, or by peroral administration; sometimes direct injection of contrast in the bile ducts was used.

Neuropathic arthropathy of the shoulder secondary to syringomyelia.

Many neurological disorders can lead to neuropathic arthropathy. When severe, the radiographic changes are virtually pathognomonic: joint disorganization is more profound than in any other arthropathy. Neuroarthropathy of the shoulder is most frequently seen in syringomyelia and can be the presenting symptom or the symptom leading to the--previously unrecognized--diagnosis. Such a case is presented.