Imaging CAR-NK cells targeted to HER2 ovarian cancer with human sodium-iodide symporter-based positron emission tomography.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cell therapies utilize CARs to redirect immune cells towards cancer cells expressing specific antigens like human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Despite their potential, CAR T cell therapies exhibit variable response rates and adverse effects in some patients. Non-invasive molecular imaging can aid in predicting patient outcomes by tracking infused cells post-administration. CAR-T cells are typically autologous, increasing manufacturing complexity and costs. An alternative approach involves developing CAR natural killer (CAR-NK) cells as an off-the-shelf allogeneic product. In this study, we engineered HER2-targeted CAR-NK cells co-expressing the positron emission tomography (PET) reporter gene human sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) and assessed their therapeutic efficacy and PET imaging capability in a HER2 ovarian cancer mouse model.NK-92 cells were genetically modified to express a HER2-targeted CAR, the bioluminescence imaging reporter Antares, and NIS. HER2-expressing ovarian cancer cells were engineered to express the bioluminescence reporter Firefly luciferase (Fluc). Co-culture experiments demonstrated significantly enhanced cytotoxicity of CAR-NK cells compared to naive NK cells. In vivo studies involving mice with Fluc-expressing tumors revealed that those treated with CAR-NK cells exhibited reduced tumor burden and prolonged survival compared to controls. Longitudinal bioluminescence imaging demonstrated stable signals from CAR-NK cells over time. PET imaging using the NIS-targeted tracer 18F-tetrafluoroborate ([18F]TFB) showed significantly higher PET signals in mice treated with NIS-expressing CAR-NK cells.Overall, our study showcases the therapeutic potential of HER2-targeted CAR-NK cells in an aggressive ovarian cancer model and underscores the feasibility of using human-derived PET reporter gene imaging to monitor these cells non-invasively in patients.

Frugal and Translatable [15O]O2 Production for Human Inhalation with Direct Delivery from the Cyclotron to a Hybrid PET/MR.

Oxygen-15 (ß+, t1/2 = 122 s) radiolabeled diatomic oxygen, in conjunction with positron emission tomography, is the gold standard to quantitatively measure the metabolic rate of oxygen consumption in the living human brain. We present herein a protocol for safe and effective delivery of [15O]O2 over 200 m to a human subject for inhalation. A frugal quality control testing procedure was devised and validated. This protocol can act as a blueprint for other sites seeking to implement similar imaging programs.

A Protocol for Simultaneous In Vivo Imaging of Cardiac and Neuroinflammation in Dystrophin-Deficient MDX Mice Using [18F]FEPPA PET.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a neuromuscular disorder caused by dystrophin loss-notably within muscles and the central neurons system. DMD presents as cognitive weakness, progressive skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration until pre-mature death from cardiac or respiratory failure. Innovative therapies have improved life expectancy; however, this is accompanied by increased late-onset heart failure and emergent cognitive degeneration. Thus, better assessment of dystrophic heart and brain pathophysiology is needed. Chronic inflammation is strongly associated with skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration; however, neuroinflammation's role is largely unknown in DMD despite being prevalent in other neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we present an inflammatory marker translocator protein (TSPO) positron emission tomography (PET) protocol for in vivo concomitant assessment of immune cell response in hearts and brains of a dystrophin-deficient mouse model [mdx:utrn(+/-)]. Preliminary analysis of whole-body PET imaging using the TSPO radiotracer, [18F]FEPPA in four mdx:utrn(+/-) and six wildtype mice are presented with ex vivo TSPO-immunofluorescence tissue staining. The mdx:utrn(+/-) mice showed significant elevations in heart and brain [18F]FEPPA activity, which correlated with increased ex vivo fluorescence intensity, highlighting the potential of TSPO-PET to simultaneously assess presence of cardiac and neuroinflammation in dystrophic heart and brain, as well as in several organs within a DMD model.

Complementary early-phase magnetic particle imaging and late-phase positron emission tomography reporter imaging of mesenchymal stem cells in vivo.

Stem cell-based therapies have demonstrated significant potential in clinical applications for many debilitating diseases. The ability to non-invasively and dynamically track the location and viability of stem cells post administration could provide important information on individual patient response and/or side effects. Multi-modal cell tracking provides complementary information that can offset the limitations of a single imaging modality to yield a more comprehensive picture of cell fate. In this study, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were engineered to express human sodium iodide symporter (NIS), a clinically relevant positron emission tomography (PET) reporter gene, as well as labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs) to allow for detection with magnetic particle imaging (MPI). MSCs were additionally engineered with a preclinical bioluminescence imaging (BLI) reporter gene for comparison of BLI cell viability data to both MPI and PET data over time. MSCs were implanted into the hind limbs of immunocompromised mice and imaging with MPI, BLI and PET was performed over a 30-day period. MPI showed sensitive detection that steadily declined over the 30-day period, while BLI showed initial decreases followed by later rapid increases in signal. The PET signal of MSCs was significantly higher than the background at later timepoints. Early-phase imaging (day 0-9 post MSC injections) showed correlation between MPI and BLI data (R2 = 0.671), while PET and BLI showed strong correlation for late-phase (day 10-30 post MSC injections) imaging timepoints (R2 = 0.9817). We report the first use of combined MPI and PET for cell tracking and show the complementary benefits of MPI for sensitive detection of MSCs early after implantation and PET for longer-term measurements of cell viability.

The functional and structural associations of aberrant microglial activity in major depressive disorder.

BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating mental illness that has been linked to increases in markers of inflammation, as well as to changes in brain functional and structural connectivity, particularly between the insula and the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC). In this study, we directly related inflammation and dysconnectivity in treatment-resistant MDD by concurrently measuring the following: microglial activity with [18F]N-2-(fluoroethoxyl)benzyl-N-(4phenoxypyridin-3-yl)acetamide ([18F]FEPPA) positron emission tomography (PET); the severity of MDD; and functional or structural connectivity among insula or sgACC nodes. METHODS: Twelve patients with treatment-resistant MDD (8 female, 4 male; mean age ± standard deviation 54.9 ± 4.5 years and 23 healthy controls (11 female, 12 male; 60.3 ± 8.5 years) completed a hybrid [18F]FEPPA PET and MRI acquisition. From these, we extracted relative standardized uptake values for [18F]FEPPA activity and Pearson r-to-z scores representing functional connectivity from our regions of interest. We extracted diffusion tensor imaging metrics from the cingulum bundle, a key white matter bundle in MDD. We performed regressions to relate microglial activity with functional connectivity, structural connectivity and scores on the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. RESULTS: We found significantly increased [18F]FEPPA uptake in the left sgACC in patients with treatment-resistant MDD compared to healthy controls. Patients with MDD also had a reduction in connectivity between the sgACC and the insula. The [18F]FEPPA uptake in the left sgACC was significantly related to functional connectivity with the insula, and to the structural connectivity of the cingulum bundle. [18F]FEPPA uptake also predicted scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.Limitations: A relatively small sample size, lack of functional task data and concomitant medication use may have affected our findings. CONCLUSION: We present preliminary evidence linking a network-level dysfunction relevant to the pathophysiology of depression and related to increased microglial activity in MDD.

Low cost and open source purification apparatus for GMP [13N]Ammonia production.

Nitrogen-13 labeled ammonia ([13N]NH3) has been used for myocardial perfusion imaging with Positron Emission Tomography for decades. Recent increases to regulatory oversight have led to stricter adherence to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) when producing this short half-life (9.97 min) radiopharmaceutical. This has increased production costs. Our cyclotron facility initially developed a manual GMP production method, but it was prone to human error. With increased costs in mind, we developed and validated an Arduino-based device to purifying [13N]NH3 for clinical use. Construction, programming, and GMP validation results are discussed. The automated method was found to produce equivalent quality radiopharmaceutical but was more reproducible and robust.

Noninvasive Quantification of Cerebral Blood Flow Using Hybrid PET/MR Imaging to Extract the [15 O]H2 O Image-Derived Input Function Free of Partial Volume Errors.

BACKGROUND: Quantification of cerebral blood flow (CBF) with [15 O]H2 O-positron emission tomography (PET) requires arterial sampling to measure the input function. This invasive procedure can be avoided by extracting an image-derived input function (IDIF); however, IDIFs are sensitive to partial volume errors due to the limited spatial resolution of PET. PURPOSE: To present an alternative hybrid PET/MR imaging of CBF (PMRFlowIDIF ) that uses phase-contrast (PC) MRI measurements of whole-brain (WB) CBF to calibrate an IDIF extracted from a WB [15 O]H2 O time-activity curve. STUDY TYPE: Technical development and validation. ANIMAL MODEL: Twelve juvenile Duroc pigs (83% female). POPULATION: Thirteen healthy individuals (38% female). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCES: 3 T; gradient-echo PC-MRI. ASSESSMENT: PMRFlowIDIF was validated against PET-only in a porcine model that included arterial sampling. CBF maps were generated by applying PMRFlowIDIF and two previous PMRFlow methods (PC-PET and double integration method [DIM]) to [15 O]H2 O-PET data acquired from healthy individuals. STATISTICAL TESTS: PMRFlow and PET CBF measurements were compared with regression and correlation analyses. Paired t-tests were performed to evaluate differences. Potential biases were assessed using one-sample t-tests. Reliability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients. Statistical significance: α  = 0.05. RESULTS: In the animal study, strong agreement was observed between PMRFlowIDIF (average voxel-wise CBF, 58.0 ± 16.9 mL/100 g/min) and PET (63.0 ± 18.9 mL/100 g/min). In the human study, PMRFlowDIM (y = 1.11x - 5.16, R2  = 0.99 ± 0.01) and PMRFlowPC-PET (y = 0.87x + 3.82, R2  = 0.97 ± 0.02) performed similarly to PMRFlowIDIF, and CBF was within the expected range (eg, 49.7 ± 7.2 mL/100 g/min for gray matter). DATA CONCLUSION: Accuracy of PMRFlowIDIF was confirmed in the animal study with the primary source of error attributed to differences in WB CBF measured by PC MRI and PET. In the human study, differences in CBF from PMRFlowIDIF , PMRFlowDIM , and PMRFlowPC-PET were due to the latter two not accounting for blood-borne activity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 1.

A Noninvasive Method for Quantifying Cerebral Metabolic Rate of Oxygen by Hybrid PET/MRI: Validation in a Porcine Model.

The gold standard for imaging the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) is positron emission tomography (PET); however, it is an invasive and complex procedure that also requires correction for recirculating 15O-H2O and the blood-borne activity. We propose a noninvasive reference-based hybrid PET/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method that uses functional MRI techniques to calibrate 15O-O2-PET data. Here, PET/MR imaging of oxidative metabolism (PMROx) was validated in an animal model by comparison to PET-alone measurements. Additionally, we investigated if the MRI-perfusion technique arterial spin labelling (ASL) could be used to further simplify PMROx by replacing 15O-H2O-PET, and if the PMROx was sensitive to anesthetics-induced changes in metabolism. Methods: 15O-H2O and 15O-O2 PET data were acquired in a hybrid PET/MR scanner (3 T Siemens Biograph mMR), together with simultaneous functional MRI (OxFlow and ASL), from juvenile pigs (n = 9). Animals were anesthetized with 3% isoflurane and 6 mL/kg/h propofol for the validation experiments and arterial sampling was performed for PET-alone measurements. PMROx estimates were obtained using whole-brain (WB) CMRO2 from OxFlow and local cerebral blood flow (CBF) from either noninvasive 15O-H2O-PET or ASL (PMROxASL). Changes in metabolism were investigated by increasing the propofol infusion to 20 mL/kg/h. Results: Good agreement and correlation were observed between regional CMRO2 measurements from PMROx and PET-alone. No significant differences were found between OxFlow and PET-only measurements of WB oxygen extraction fraction (0.30 ± 0.09 and 0.31 ± 0.09) and CBF (54.1 ± 16.7 and 56.6 ± 21.0 mL/100 g/min), or between PMROx and PET-only CMRO2 estimates (1.89 ± 0.16 and 1.81 ± 0.10 mLO2/100 g/min). Moreover, PMROx and PMROxASL were sensitive to propofol-induced reduction in CMRO2 Conclusion: This study provides initial validation of a noninvasive PET/MRI technique that circumvents many of the complexities of PET CMRO2 imaging. PMROx does not require arterial sampling and has the potential to reduce PET imaging to 15O-O2 only; however, future validation involving human participants are required.

Plasma radio-metabolite analysis of PET tracers for dynamic PET imaging: TLC and autoradiography.

BACKGROUND: In molecular imaging with dynamic PET, the binding and dissociation of a targeted tracer is characterized by kinetics modeling which requires the arterial concentration of the tracer to be measured accurately. Once in the body the radiolabeled parent tracer may be subjected to hydrolysis, demethylation/dealkylation and other biochemical processes, resulting in the production and accumulation of different metabolites in blood which can be labeled with the same PET radionuclide as the parent. Since these radio-metabolites cannot be distinguished by PET scanning from the parent tracer, their contribution to the arterial concentration curve has to be removed for the accurate estimation of kinetic parameters from kinetic analysis of dynamic PET. High-performance liquid chromatography has been used to separate and measure radio-metabolites in blood plasma; however, the method is labor intensive and remains a challenge to implement for each individual patient. The purpose of this study is to develop an alternate technique based on thin layer chromatography (TLC) and a sensitive commercial autoradiography system (Beaver, Ai4R, Nantes, France) to measure radio-metabolites in blood plasma of two targeted tracers-[18F]FAZA and [18F]FEPPA, for imaging hypoxia and inflammation, respectively. RESULTS: Radioactivity as low as 17 Bq in 2 µL of pig's plasma can be detected on the TLC plate using autoradiography. Peaks corresponding to the parent tracer and radio-metabolites could be distinguished in the line profile through each sample (n = 8) in the autoradiographic image. Significant intersubject and intra-subject variability in radio-metabolites production could be observed with both tracers. For [18F]FEPPA, 50% of plasma activity was from radio-metabolites as early as 5-min post injection, while for [18F]FAZA, significant metabolites did not appear until 50-min post. Simulation study investigating the effect of radio-metabolite in the estimation of kinetic parameters indicated that 32-400% parameter error can result without radio-metabolites correction. CONCLUSION: TLC coupled with autoradiography is a good alternative to high-performance liquid chromatography for radio-metabolite correction. The advantages of requiring only small blood samples (~ 100 µL) and of analyzing multiple samples simultaneously, make the method suitable for individual dynamic PET studies.

Validation protocol for current good manufacturing practices production of [15O]water for hybrid PET/MR studies.

INTRODUCTION: Oxygen-15 (O; t½ = 122.4 s) has been used for nuclear imaging experiments since the beginning of the field. With the advent of simultaneous hybrid PET/MR technology, [O]water has seen a resurgence and remains the gold standard method for quantitative blood flow studies. The short half-life presents a nontrivial challenge to applying current good manufacturing practices production methods to maintain patient safety. METHODS: A two-vial production method was devised to ensure adequate mixing of [O]water vapour into buffered isotonic saline. For production validation, six batches of [O]water were prepared: sterility, quality control testing and four patient doses. The final dose also underwent quality tested. Routine quality control testing included the following: radiochemical identity and purity, radionuclidic identity and purity, appearance, pH, pyrogenicity, and filter integrity. Sterility was retrospectively confirmed. For validation, breakthrough Pt concentration was also measured. RESULTS: Consistent yields of 10-12 GBq (270-325 mCi) were obtained 3 min after bombardment. Overall, 26 [O]water batches underwent quality control testing under this protocol and all met or exceeded release specifications for clinical use. CONCLUSION: The multiple batch protocol proved to be a safe and effective means for producing [O]water. Furthermore, this protocol could be readily adapted by any facility attempting to produce [O]water for clinical studies. Compared with previous attempts at our site, the protocol outlined here was more consistent and reliable, improved production workflow and led to more available radioactivity for participant injection and QC testing.

Radiosynthesis and ex vivo evaluation of [(18)F]-(S)-3-(6-(3-fluoropropoxy)benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-5-(methoxymethyl)oxazolidin-2-one for imaging MAO-B with PET.

Carbon-11 labeled SL25.1188 ((S)-5-(methoxymethyl)-3-(6-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)oxazolidin-2-one) is a reversible radiotracer for monoamine oxidase B that was recently evaluated in healthy volunteers by positron emission tomography (PET). Herein we report the preparation and ex vivo evaluation of a fluorinated SL25.1188 derivative as a candidate (18)F-labeled PET radiotracer. (S)-3-(6-(3-fluoropropoxy)benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-5-(methoxy methyl)oxazolidin-2-one (1) was labeled with fluorine-18 in 51% uncorrected radiochemical yield having high radiochemical purity (>98%) and specific activity (109±26GBq/µmol). Ex vivo biodistribution studies demonstrated low radioactivity retention, specific binding and metabolic stability within rat brains. High uptake of radioactivity in bone is consistent with metabolic defluorination. In vitro binding assays of longer chain fluoroalkoxy derivatives revealed that the length of the carbon chain is an integral feature in MAO-B inhibitor potency and selectivity within this scaffold.

Radiosynthesis and ex vivo evaluation of [(11)C-carbonyl]carbamate- and urea-based monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors.

INTRODUCTION: Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) are the two primary enzymes that regulate the tone of endocannabinoid signaling. Although new PET radiotracers have been discovered for imaging FAAH in vivo, no such radiotracer exists for imaging MAGL. Here we report the radiosynthesis of five candidate MAGL radiotracers and their ex vivo evaluations in mice and rats. METHODS: Candidate carbamate and urea MAGL inhibitors were radiolabeled at the carbonyl position by [(11)C]CO2 fixation. Radiotracers were administered (tail-vein injection) to rodents and brain uptake of radioactivity measured at early and late time points ex vivo. Specificity of uptake was explored by pretreatment with unlabeled inhibitors (2 mg/kg, ip) 30 min prior to radiotracer administration. RESULTS: All five candidate MAGL radiotracers were prepared in high specific activity (>65 GBq/µmol) and radiochemical purity (>98%). Moderate brain uptake (0.2-0.8 SUV) was observed for each candidate while pretreatment did not reduce uptake for four of the five tested. For two candidates ([(11)C]12 and [(11)C]14), high retention of radioactivity was observed in the blood (ca. 10 and 4 SUV at 40 min) which was blocked by pretreatment with unlabeled inhibitors. The most promising candidate, [(11)C]18, demonstrated moderate brain uptake (ca. 0.8 SUV) which showed circa 50% blockade by pretreatment with unlabeled 18. CONCLUSION: One putative and four reported potent and selective MAGL inhibitors have been radiolabeled via [(11)C]CO2 fixation as radiotracers for this enzyme. Despite the promising in vitro pharmacological profile, none of the five candidate radiotracers exhibited in vivo behavior suitable for PET neuroimaging.

Synthesis and preclinical evaluation of [11C-carbonyl]PF-04457845 for neuroimaging of fatty acid amide hydrolase.

INTRODUCTION: Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) has a significant role in regulating endocannabinoid signaling in the central nervous system. As such, FAAH inhibitors are being actively sought for pain, addiction, and other indications. This has led to the recent pursuit of positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers targeting FAAH. We report herein the preparation and preclinical evaluation of [(11)C-carbonyl]PF-04457845, an isotopologue of the potent irreversible FAAH inhibitor. METHODS: PF-04457845 was radiolabeled at the carbonyl position via automated [(11)C]CO(2)-fixation. Ex vivo brain biodistribution of [(11)C-carbonyl]PF-04457845 was carried out in conscious rats. Specificity was determined by pre-administration of PF-04457845 or URB597 prior to [(11)C-carbonyl]PF-04457845. In a separate experiment, rats injected with the title radiotracer had whole brains excised, homogenized and extracted to examine irreversible binding to brain parenchyma. RESULTS: The title compound was prepared in 5 ± 1% (n = 4) isolated radiochemical yield based on starting [(11)C]CO(2) (decay uncorrected) within 25 min from end-of-bombardment in >98% radiochemical purity and a specific activity of 73.5 ± 8.2 GBq/µmol at end-of-synthesis. Uptake of [(11)C-carbonyl]PF-04457845 into the rat brain was high (range of 1.2-4.4 SUV), heterogeneous, and in accordance with reported FAAH distribution. Saturable binding was demonstrated by a dose-dependent reduction in brain radioactivity uptake following pre-treatment with PF-04457845. Pre-treatment with the prototypical FAAH inhibitor, URB597, reduced the brain radiotracer uptake in all regions by 71-81%, demonstrating specificity for FAAH. The binding of [(11)C-carbonyl]PF-04457845 to FAAH at 40 min post injection was irreversible as 98% of the radioactivity in the brain could not be extracted. CONCLUSIONS: [(11)C-carbonyl]PF-04457845 was rapidly synthesized via an automated radiosynthesis. Ex vivo biodistribution studies in conscious rodents demonstrate that [11C PF-04457845 is a promising candidate radiotracer for imaging FAAH in the brain with PET. These results coupled with the known pharmacology and toxicology of PF-04457845 should facilitate clinical translation of this radiotracer.

Development and characterization of a promising fluorine-18 labelled radiopharmaceutical for in vivo imaging of fatty acid amide hydrolase.

Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the enzyme responsible for terminating signaling by the endocannabinoid anandamide, plays an important role in the endocannabinoid system, and FAAH inhibitors are attractive drugs for pain, addiction, and neurological disorders. The synthesis, radiosynthesis, and evaluation, in vitro and ex vivo in rat, of an (18)F-radiotracer designed to image FAAH using positron emission tomography (PET) is described. Fluorine-18 labelled 3-(4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-yl)phenyl (5-fluoropentyl)carbamate, [(18)F]5, was synthesized at high specific activity in a one-pot three step reaction using a commercial module with a radiochemical yield of 17-22% (from [(18)F]fluoride). In vitro assay using rat brain homogenates showed that 5 inhibited FAAH in a time-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 0.82nM after a preincubation of 60min. Ex vivo biodistribution studies and ex vivo autoradiography in rat brain demonstrated that [(18)F]5 had high brain penetration with standard uptake values of up to 4.6 and had a regional distribution which correlated with reported regional FAAH enzyme activity. Specificity of binding to FAAH with [(18)F]5 was high (>90%) as demonstrated by pharmacological challenges with potent and selective FAAH inhibitors and was irreversible as demonstrated by radioactivity measurements on homogenized brain tissue extracts. We infer from these results that [(18)F]5 is a highly promising candidate radiotracer with which to image FAAH in human subjects using PET and clinical studies are proceeding.

Radiosynthesis and evaluation of [¹¹C-carbonyl]-labeled carbamates as fatty acid amide hydrolase radiotracers for positron emission tomography.

Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) plays a key role in regulating the tone of the endocannabinoid system. Radiotracers are required to image and quantify FAAH activity in vivo. We have synthesized a series of potent FAAH inhibitors encompassing two classes of N-alkyl-O-arylcarbamates and radiolabeled eight of them with carbon-11. The [¹¹C-carbonyl]-radiotracers were evaluated in vitro and ex vivo in rats as potential FAAH imaging agents for positron emission tomography (PET). Both sets of [¹¹C]O-arylcarbamates showed good to excellent brain penetration and an appropriate regional distribution. Pretreatments with a FAAH inhibitor demonstrated that 80-95% of brain uptake of radioactivity constituted binding of the radiotracers to FAAH. Brain extraction measurements showed that binding to FAAH was irreversible and kinetically different for the two classes of carbamates. These promising results are discussed in terms of the requirements of a suitable radiotracer for the in vivo imaging of FAAH using PET.

Towards the preparation of radiolabeled 1-aryl-3-benzyl ureas: Radiosynthesis of [(11)C-carbonyl] AR-A014418 by [(11)C]CO(2) fixation.

The highly selective glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) inhibitor N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N'-(5-nitro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)urea (AR-A014418) was radiolabeled with carbon-11 ((11)C; half-life=20.4min) at the urea moiety via [(11)C]CO(2) fixation. Reaction of [(11)C]CO(2) with 4-methoxybenzylamine in the presence of a CO(2) fixating base was followed by dehydration with POCl(3) and addition of 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole to prepare [(11)C-carbonyl] AR-A014418. This reaction resulted in an 8% uncorrected radiochemical yield, based on [(11)C]CO(2), with high specific activity (4Ci/µmol) within 30min. An in vitro GSK-3ß enzyme activity assay revealed that AR-A014418 (K(i)=770nM) is not as potent as previously claimed. The [(11)C]CO(2) fixation methodology described herein should prove generally applicable to preparing 1-aryl-3-benzyl-[(11)C-carbonyl] ureas as radiotracers for positron emission tomography.

Fluorous ligand capture (FLC): a chemoselective solution-phase strategy for isolating 99mTc-labelled compounds in high effective specific activity.

A new approach for preparing (99m)Tc-labelled compounds in high effective specific activity was developed by utilizing a novel fluorous ligand capture (FLC) agent and a chemoselective filtration strategy. This paradigm eliminates the need to use HPLC to obtain technetium(I) based molecular imaging probes free from residual precursor.

(E)-2-(2-Methyl-cyclo-hexyl-idene)hydrazinecarbothio-amide.

In the crystal of the title compound, C(8)H(15)N(3)S, mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯S hydrogen bonds, forming chains along [1[Formula: see text]0]. An intra-molecular N-H⋯N hydrogen bond is also present.

Radiolabeled small molecule protein kinase inhibitors for imaging with PET or SPECT.

Imaging protein kinase expression with radiolabeled small molecule inhibitors has been actively pursued to monitor the clinical potential of targeted therapeutics and treatments as well as to determine kinase receptor density changes related to disease progression. The goal of the present review is to provide an overview of the breadth of radiolabeled small molecules that have been synthesized to target intracellular protein kinases, not only for imaging in oncology, but also for other areas of interest, particularly the central nervous system. Considerable radiotracer development has focused on imaging receptor tyrosine kinases of growth factors, protein kinases A, B and C, and glycogen synthase kinase-3ß. Design considerations, structural attributes and relevant biological results are summarized.

N-(4-Meth-oxy-phen-yl)-N'-(5-nitro-1,3-thia-zol-2-yl)urea.

The title compound, C(11)H(10)N(4)O(4)S, is a derivative of N-(4-meth-oxy-benz-yl)-N'-(5-nitro-1,3-thia-zol-2-yl)urea (AR-A014418), a known glycogen synthase kinase 3ß (GSK-3ß) inhibitor. All non-H atoms in the mol-ecule are essentially coplanar, with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.045 Šand a maximum deviation of 0.115 (2) Šfor the carbonyl O atom. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are linked via N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into one-dimensional chains along [101].