Chest Compression Rates of 90/min versus 180/min during Neonatal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Randomized Controlled Animal Trial.

BACKGROUND: To compare chest compression (CC) rates of 90/min with 180/min and their effect on the time to return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), survival, hemodynamic, and respiratory parameters. We hypothesized that asphyxiated newborn piglets that received CC at 180/min vs. 90/min during cardiopulmonary resuscitation would have a shorter time to ROSC. METHODS: Newborn piglets (n = 7/group) were anesthetized, intubated, instrumented and exposed to 45 min normocapnic hypoxia followed by asphyxia and cardiac arrest. Piglets were randomly allocated to a CC rate of 180/min or 90/min. CC was performed using an automated chest compression machine using CC superimposed with sustained inflation. Hemodynamic and respiratory parameters and applied compression force were continuously measured. RESULTS: The mean (SD) time to ROSC was 91 (34) and 256 (97) s for CC rates of 180/min and 90/min, respectively (p = 0.08). The number of piglets that achieved ROSC was 7 (100%) and 5 (71%) with 180/min and 90/min CC rates, respectively (p = 0.46). Hemodynamic parameters (i.e., diastolic and mean blood pressure, carotid blood flow, stroke volume, end-diastolic volume, left ventricular contractile function) and respiratory parameters (i.e., minute ventilation, peak inflation and peak expiration flow) were all improved with a CC rate of 180/min. CONCLUSION: Time to ROSC and hemodynamic and respiratory parameters were not statistical significant different between CC rates of 90/min and 180/min. Higher CC rates during neonatal resuscitation warrant further investigation.

Effect of harvesting time in the methane production on the anaerobic digestion of microalgae.

Microalgae are being proposed as excellent substrates for different biorefinery processes. Anaerobic digestion process of microalgae is one of these interesting processes but has some limitations in deleting cell walls. For this reason, many studies proposed different types of pre-treatments, entailing energy, operation, and investment costs. This work aims to optimize the anaerobic digestion of the microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana and Chlorella sorokiniana (strain S12/S13/S16) without any pre-treatment by selecting the optimal harvesting time. The greatest influence is seen at 5:00 PM in methane production for both microalgae. For Chlorella sorokiniana, it is the most optimal moment for anaerobic digestion, whereas Chlorella sorokiniana (strain S12/S13/S16) is the least optimal. In the other harvesting times, both microalgae present a similar methane production, i.e. 173 ± 12 mL CH4/g of total volatile solids. The highest methane production rate values were obtained during peak sunlight, 1:00 PM and 8:00 AM, respectively, and lower overnight.

Barreras y facilitadores para la formulación de políticas públicas que regulan los ambientes alimentarios obesogénicos: revisión de la literatura / Barriers and facilitators to policymaking public policies that regulate obesogenic food environments: review of the literature

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los ambientes alimentarios determinan en gran medida el comportamiento alimentario de la población, por lo que se asocian a la epidemia de obesidad. Es responsabilidad de los Estados formular e implementar políticas para intervenir los ambientes alimentarios obesogénicos. El éxito de las políticas dependerá de factores que actúan como barreras o facilitadores. OBJETIVO: Identificar las barreras y facilitadores que se presentan al formular e implementar políticas públicas que aborden los ambientes alimentarios obesogénicos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio secundario en base a revisión narrativa. La identificación, tamizaje y selección de los artículos publicados se guio por el diagrama PRISMA. Para la identificación se recurrió a las bases de datos electrónicas PubMed, Scielo, Scopus y Web of Science (WOS), ingresando campos de búsqueda y palabras clave. En el tamizaje se eliminaron los duplicados y se aplicaron criterios de inclusión. La calidad metodológica de los estudios elegibles se evaluó con el protocolo CASPe. RESULTADOS: Se revisaron estudios cualitativos que usaron entrevistas a actores claves. Las barreras identificadas para el proceso de formulación de políticas de ambientes alimentarios obesogénicos son el impacto económico negativo, falta de evidencia científica sobre la efectividad de las políticas, influencia de la industria alimentaria, debilidades de coordinación y cooperación técnica. Los facilitadores identificados son el compromiso político de los Estados con las agencias internacionales, enfoque de trabajo conjunto con la industria alimentaria y el apoyo académico. CONCLUSIÓN: La formulación de políticas para intervenir ambientes alimentarios obesogénicos está especialmente limitada por la industria alimentaria. Es relevante generar evidencia científica del impacto que, las regulaciones implementadas, han tenido en los factores económicos y sobre la salud de la población. La colaboración entre gobiernos e industria alimentaria, podría derivar políticas que, además de impactar positivamente la salud de la población, sean una oportunidad para el sector privado y la generación de empleo.

INTRODUCTION: Food environments largely determine the eating behavior of the population, which is why they are associated with the obesity epidemic. It is the responsibility of States to formulate and implement policies to intervene in obesogenic food environments. The success of the policies will depend on factors that act as barriers or facilitators. OBJECTIVE: To identify the barriers and facilitators for the formulation and implementation of public policies that address obesogenic food environments. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Secondary study based on narrative review. The identification, screening and selection of published articles was guided by the PRISMA diagram. For the identification, the electronic databases PubMed, Scielo, Scopus and Web of Science (WOS) were used, entering search fields and keywords. In the screening, duplicates were eliminated and inclusion criteria were applied. The methodological quality of eligible studies was assessed using the CASPe protocol. RESULTS: Qualitative studies that used interviews with key actors were reviewed. The barriers identified for the process of formulating policies on obesogenic food environments are the negative economic impact, lack of scientific evidence on the effectiveness of policies, influence of the food industry, weaknesses in coordination and technical cooperation. The identified facilitators are the political commitment of the States with international agencies, a joint work approach with the food industry and academic support. CONCLUSION: Policymaking to intervene in obesogenic food environments is especially limited by the food industry. It is relevant to generate scientific evidence of the impact that the implemented regulations have had on economic factors and on the health of the population. Collaboration between governments and the food industry could derive policies that, in addition to having a positive impact on the health of the population, would mean an opportunity for the private sector and the generation of employment.

Assessment of optimal chest compression depth during neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a randomised controlled animal trial.

AIM: The study aimed to examine the optimal anterior-posterior depth which will reduce the time to return of spontaneous circulation and improve survival during chest compressions. Asphyxiated neonatal piglets receiving chest compression resuscitated with a 40% anterior-posterior chest depth compared with 33%, 25% or 12.5% will have reduced time to return of spontaneous circulation and improved survival. METHODS: Newborn piglets (n=8 per group) were anaesthetised, intubated, instrumented and exposed to 45 min normocapnic hypoxia followed by asphyxia and cardiac arrest. Piglets were randomly allocated to four intervention groups ('anterior-posterior 12.5% depth', 'anterior-posterior 25% depth', 'anterior-posterior 33% depth' or 'anterior-posterior 40% depth'). Chest compressions were performed using an automated chest compression machine with a rate of 90 per minute. Haemodynamic and respiratory parameters, applied compression force, and chest compression depth were continuously measured. RESULTS: The median (IQR) time to return of spontaneous circulation was 600 (600-600) s, 135 (90-589) s, 85 (71-158)* s and 116 (63-173)* s for the 12.5%, 25%, 33% and 40% depth groups, respectively (*p<0.001 vs 12.5%). The number of piglets that achieved return of spontaneous circulation was 0 (0%), 6 (75%), 7 (88%) and 7 (88%) in the 12.5%, 25%, 33% and 40% anterior-posterior depth groups, respectively. Arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure, carotid blood flow, applied compression force, tidal volume and minute ventilation increased with greater anterior-posterior chest depth during chest compression. CONCLUSIONS: Time to return of spontaneous circulation and survival were similar between 25%, 33% and 40% anterior-posterior depths, while 12.5% anterior-posterior depth did not result in return of spontaneous circulation or survival. Haemodynamic and respiratory parameters improved with increasing anterior-posterior depth, suggesting improved organ perfusion and oxygen delivery with 33%-40% anterior-posterior depth. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: PTCE0000193.

Efecto de una intervención no farmacológica multidimensional en un grupo de personas con deterioro cognitivo leve

Background: Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is defined as the intermediate stage between the cognitive changes associated with normal aging and dementia. People with MCI can benefit from the implementation of multidimensional non-pharmacological interventions. Aim: To determine the effect of a Multidimensional Intervention based on cognitive, physical, and social training (IMCFS) on the cognitive performance of a group of people with MCI. Materials and Methods: Pre and post intervention measurements of cognitive and physical parameters were performed in 10 adults aged 76 ± 4 years with MCI, who participated in the IMCFS lasting three months. Results: A significant improvement was observed in global cognitive performance, anterograde memory, visuospatial memory and in associative learning after IMCFS implementation. No significant effects of the IMCFS on attention, executive functions, language, and viso-constructive skills were observed. Conclusions: Older adults with MCI benefit from the implementation of a multidimensional intervention, such as IMCFS, which is feasible to implement and integrate into the programs offered by the Chilean healthcare network.

Análisis del proceso técnico político de la ordenanza municipal para promoción de salud de Quillota

RESUMEN Para contribuir a la vida sana de la comunidad y en atención a las recomendaciones nacionales e internacionales para combatir la obesidad y sus consecuencias, en 2017 la Municipalidad de Quillota promulgó una Ordenanza de Promoción de Salud para favorecer entornos alimentarios saludables y para la práctica de actividad física. No está descrito en qué consiste y cuáles son las dificultades para establecer este tipo de normativas locales. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el proceso técnico y político que culminó en la generación de esta Ordenanza como ejemplo para el resto de los municipios del país. Con un diseño cualitativo, exploratorio y retrospectivo se recolectó información a través de entrevistas, grupos focales y diálogos participativos. Se realizó un mapeo de actores y el análisis de las lecciones aprendidas, considerando barreras y facilitadores. Los resultados muestran que la Ordenanza representó un desafío para la toma de decisiones que habilitaron su consolidación tanto en términos de gestión técnica como en los niveles de poder. Entre las lecciones aprendidas destaca la relevancia de un escenario político favorable, un equipo técnico competente y con liderazgo, y la fuerte articulación intersectorial; siendo clave la voluntad de las autoridades municipales y la negociación con sectores de oposición. La participación comunitaria activa fue un punto de compleja implementación.

ABSTRACT With the aim of improving the health of the community and given national and international recommendations to combat obesity and its consequences, in 2017, the Municipality of Quillota enacted a Health Promotion Ordinance to promote healthy food environments and physical activity practices. The ordinance is not specifically detailed, nor are the difficulties in establishing such local regulations described. Thus, this study intended to analyze the technical and political processes that generated this ordinance, which may serve as an example for other municipalities. The information collection was made through interviews, focus groups, and participatory dialogues, using a qualitative, exploratory, and retrospective design. Actors mapping and lessons learned analysis, considering barriers and facilitators found, was conducted. The results show that the ordinance consolidation presented a challenge to the decision-making management at the technical and empowerment levels. Lessons learned include favorable political scenarios, a competent technical team, and strong cross-sectoral articulation. Two key factors were the municipal authorities' resolution and negotiation with opposition sectors. Active community participation was a point of complex implementation.

[Effects of a multidimensional intervention in older adults with mild cognitive impairment]. / Efecto de una intervención no farmacológica multidimensional en un grupo de personas con deterioro cognitivo leve.

BACKGROUND: Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is defined as the intermediate stage between the cognitive changes associated with normal aging and dementia. People with MCI can benefit from the implementation of multidimensional non-pharmacological interventions. AIM: To determine the effect of a Multidimensional Intervention based on cognitive, physical, and social training (IMCFS) on the cognitive performance of a group of people with MCI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pre and post intervention measurements of cognitive and physical parameters were performed in 10 adults aged 76 ± 4 years with MCI, who participated in the IMCFS lasting three months. RESULTS: A significant improvement was observed in global cognitive performance, anterograde memory, visuospatial memory and in associative learning after IMCFS implementation. No significant effects of the IMCFS on attention, executive functions, language, and viso-constructive skills were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Older adults with MCI benefit from the implementation of a multidimensional intervention, such as IMCFS, which is feasible to implement and integrate into the programs offered by the Chilean healthcare network.

Health Care Providers' Performance, Mindset, and Attitudes Toward a Neonatal Resuscitation Computer-Based Simulator: Empirical Study.

BACKGROUND: Neonatal resuscitation involves a complex sequence of actions to establish an infant's cardiorespiratory function at birth. Many of these responses, which identify the best action sequence in each situation, are taught as part of the recurrent Neonatal Resuscitation Program training, but they have a low incidence in practice, which leaves health care providers (HCPs) less prepared to respond appropriately and efficiently when they do occur. Computer-based simulators are increasingly used to complement traditional training in medical education, especially in the COVID-19 pandemic era of mass transition to digital education. However, it is not known how learners' attitudes toward computer-based learning and assessment environments influence their performance. OBJECTIVE: This study explores the relation between HCPs' attitudes toward a computer-based simulator and their performance in the computer-based simulator, RETAIN (REsuscitation TrAINing), to uncover the predictors of performance in computer-based simulation environments for neonatal resuscitation. METHODS: Participants were 50 neonatal HCPs (45 females, 4 males, 1 not reported; 16 respiratory therapists, 33 registered nurses and nurse practitioners, and 1 physician) affiliated with a large university hospital. Participants completed a demographic presurvey before playing the game and an attitudinal postsurvey after completing the RETAIN game. Participants' survey responses were collected to measure attitudes toward the computer-based simulator, among other factors. Knowledge on neonatal resuscitation was assessed in each round of the game through increasingly difficult neonatal resuscitation scenarios. This study investigated the moderating role of mindset on the association between the perceived benefits of understanding the terminology used in the computer-based simulator, RETAIN, and their performance on the neonatal resuscitation tasks covered by RETAIN. RESULTS: The results revealed that mindset moderated the relation between participants' perceived terminology used in RETAIN and their actual performance in the game (F3,44=4.56, R2=0.24, adjusted R2=0.19; P=.007; estimate=-1.19, SE=0.38, t44=-3.12, 95% CI -1.96 to -0.42; P=.003). Specifically, participants who perceived the terminology useful also performed better but only when endorsing more of a growth mindset; they also performed worse when endorsing more of a fixed mindset. Most participants reported that they enjoyed playing the game. The more the HCPs agreed that the terminology in the tutorial and in the game was accessible, the better they performed in the game, but only when they reported endorsing a growth mindset exceeding the average mindset of all the participants (F3,44=6.31, R2=0.30, adjusted R2=0.25; P=.001; estimate=-1.21, SE=0.38, t44=-3.16, 95% CI -1.99 to -0.44; P=.003). CONCLUSIONS: Mindset moderates the strength of the relationship between HCPs' perception of the role that the terminology employed in a game simulator has on their performance and their actual performance in a computer-based simulator designed for neonatal resuscitation training. Implications of this research include the design and development of interactive learning environments that can support HCPs in performing better on neonatal resuscitation tasks.

Sustained inflation with 21% versus 100% oxygen during cardiopulmonary resuscitation of asphyxiated newborn piglets - A randomized controlled animal study.

BACKGROUND: Current neonatal resuscitation guidelines recommend using 100% oxygen during chest compressions (CC), however the most effective oxygen concentration during cardiopulmonary resuscitation remains controversial. AIM: In term newborn piglets with asphyxia-induced cardiac arrest does 21% oxygen compared to 100% oxygen during resuscitation using CC during sustained inflation (SI; CC + SI) will have a reduced time to return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). INTERVENTION AND MEASUREMENTS: Twenty-two mixed breed piglets (1-3 days old, 1.7-2.4 kg), were obtained on the day of the experiment and anesthetized, intubated, instrumented, and exposed to 30-min normocapnic hypoxia followed by asphyxia. Piglets were resuscitated using CC + SI and randomized to 21% oxygen (n = 8) or 100% oxygen (n = 8). Heart rate, arterial blood pressure, carotid blood flow, cerebral oxygenation, and respiratory parameters were continuously recorded throughout the experiment. MAIN RESULTS: Baseline parameters were similar between 21% and 100% oxygen groups. There was no difference in asphyxiation (duration and degree) between groups. Time to ROSC was similar between 21% and 100% oxygen groups: median (interquartile range - IQR) 80 (70-190)sec vs. 90 (70-324)sec, (p = 0.56). There was no significant difference in the rate of ROSC between 21% and 100% oxygen groups: 7/8 (88%) vs. 5/8 (63%), (p = 0.569). All piglets that achieved ROSC survived to four hours post-resuscitation. Hemodynamics and regional perfusion were not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSIONS: In term newborn piglets resuscitated by CC + SI, the use of 21% oxygen resulted in a similar time to ROSC, short-term survival, and hemodynamic recovery compared to 100% oxygen.

Ventilation with 18, 21, or 100% Oxygen during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation of Asphyxiated Piglets: A Randomized Controlled Animal Trial.

BACKGROUND: In previous piglet experiments of profound asphyxia and cardiac arrest, recovery was similar when 21 and 100% oxygen were used for positive pressure ventilation (PPV). There was no consistent reduction in inflammation and oxidative stress in piglets ventilated with 21 or 100% oxygen. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate hypoxic resuscitation, i.e., PPV with 18% oxygen, in profoundly asphyxiated piglets with cardiac arrest. We hypothesized that resuscitation with 18% oxygen would result in less inflammation and oxidative stress compared to 21 or 100% oxygen. METHOD: Twenty-four piglets were exposed to 30 min of normocapnic hypoxia followed by asphyxia until asystole. The piglets were randomized to PPV with 18% oxygen (n = 8), 21% oxygen (n = 8), or 100% oxygen (n = 8), and resuscitated with chest compressions and intravenous epinephrine. Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was defined as an unassisted heart rate ≥100 bpm for 15 s. Lactate, GSH (total glutathione), GSSG (oxidized glutathione), and GSSG/GSH ratio were measured in myocardial and frontoparietal cortex homogenates. Interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, IL-1ß and tumor necrosis factor α were measured in frontoparietal cortex homogenates. RESULTS: There was no difference in time to ROSC or inflammation and oxidative stress in the 3 oxygen groups. CONCLUSIONS: Resuscitation with 18% oxygen did not result in differences in inflammation and oxidative stress when compared to 21 or 100% oxygen.

Chest Compressions in the Delivery Room.

Annually, an estimated 13⁻26 million newborns need respiratory support and 2⁻3 million newborns need extensive resuscitation, defined as chest compression and 100% oxygen with or without epinephrine in the delivery room. Despite such care, there is a high incidence of mortality and neurologic morbidity. The poor prognosis associated with receiving chest compression alone or with medications in the delivery room raises questions as to whether improved cardiopulmonary resuscitation methods specifically tailored to the newborn could improve outcomes. This review discusses the current recommendations, mode of action, different compression to ventilation ratios, continuous chest compression with asynchronous ventilations, chest compression and sustained inflation optimal depth, and oxygen concentration during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

A Review of Oxygen Use During Chest Compressions in Newborns-A Meta-Analysis of Animal Data.

Background: International consensus statements for resuscitation of newborn infants recommend provision of 100% oxygen once chest compressions are required. However, 100% oxygen exacerbates reperfusion injury and reduces cerebral perfusion in newborn babies. Objective: We aimed to establish whether resuscitation with air during chest compression is feasible and safe in newborn infants compared with 100% oxygen. Methods: Systematic search of PubMed, Google Scholar and CINAHL for articles examining variable oxygen concentrations during chest compressions in term newborns. Results: Overall, no human studies but eight animal studies (n = 323 animals) comparing various oxygen concentrations during chest compression were identified. The pooled analysis showed no difference in mortality rates for animals resuscitated with air vs. 100% oxygen (risk ratio 1.04 [0.35, 3.08], I2 = 0%, p = 0.94). ROSC was also similar between groups with a mean difference of -3.8 [-29.7-22] s, I2 = 0%, p = 0.77. No difference in oxygen damage or adverse events were identified between groups. Conclusions: Air had similar time to ROSC and mortality as 100% oxygen during neonatal chest compression. A large randomized controlled clinical trial comparing air vs. 100% oxygen during neonatal chest compression is warranted.

Análisis de los alimentos publicitados entre la audiencia infantil en la televisión chilena / Analysis of foods advertised to childhood audience on chilean television

Resumen: Objetivo: Examinar la publicidad de alimentos dirigida a la audiencia infantil en la televisión chilena. Material y métodos: Estudio de diseño transversal. Se registró la publicidad de alimentos emitida por cuatro canales de televisión de señal abierta, durante 12 horas diarias, en 12 días seleccionados aleatoriamente. Los avisos se clasificaron según grupos de alimentos y nivel de procesamiento. Se comparó la frecuencia de avisos de alimentos dirigidos a la audiencia infantil con los destinados a adultos. Se describió el perfil de nutrientes de los alimentos publicitados. Resultados: En 144 horas de grabación aparecieron 530 avisos de alimentos; 53.2% estaban dirigidos a la audiencia infantil. Los alimentos más publicitados entre los niños fueron lácteos azucarados (28.4%), bebidas azucaradas (25.5%) y cereales azucarados (17.7%). De dichos alimentos, 75% supera el criterio para azúcares libres. Conclusiones: En la televisión chilena se publicitan alimentos ultraprocesados que superan los límites de azúcares libres.

Abstract: Objective: To examine food advertising aimed at childhood's audience broadcast on Chilean television. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study. Food advertising broadcast by 4 open signal TV channels was recorded for 12 hours daily on twelve days randomly selected. Notices were classified according to food groups and level of processing. The frequency of food advertisement aimed to childhood audience was compared with those for adults. Nutrient profile of foods advertised was described. Results: In 144 hours of recording appeared 530 food advertisement; 53.2% were aimed to childhood audience. The most advertised foods were sugary dairy (28.4%), sweetened beverages (25.5%), and sweetened cereals (17.7%). Of the foods advertised to childhood audience, 75% exceeds the criterion for free sugars. Conclusions: Chilean television advertises ultra-processed foods that exceed the limits of free sugars.

[Analysis of foods advertised to childhood audience on chilean television]. / Análisis de los alimentos publicitados entre la audiencia infantil en la televisión chilena.

OBJECTIVE: To examine food advertising aimed at childhood's audience broadcast on Chilean television. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Food advertising broadcast by 4 open signal TV channels was recorded for 12 hours daily on twelve days randomly selected. Notices were classified according to food groups and level of processing. The frequency of food advertisement aimed to childhood audience was compared with those for adults. Nutrient profile of foods advertised was described. RESULTS: In 144 hours of recording appeared 530 food advertisement; 53.2% were aimed to childhood audience. The most advertised foods were sugary dairy (28.4%), sweetened beverages (25.5%), and sweetened cereals (17.7%). Of the foods advertised to childhood audience, 75% exceeds the criterion for free sugars. CONCLUSIONS: Chilean television advertises ultra-processed foods that exceed the limits of free sugars.

OBJETIVO: Examinar la publicidad de alimentos dirigida a la audiencia infantil en la televisión chilena. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de diseño transversal. Se registró la publicidad de alimentos emitida por cuatro canales de televisión de señal abierta, durante 12 horas diarias, en 12 días seleccionados aleatoriamente. Los avisos se clasificaron según grupos de alimentos y nivel de procesamiento. Se comparó la frecuencia de avisos de alimentos dirigidos a la audiencia infantil con los destinados a adultos. Se describió el perfil de nutrientes de los alimentos publicitados. RESULTADOS: En 144 horas de grabación aparecieron 530 avisos de alimentos; 53.2% estaban dirigidos a la audiencia infantil. Los alimentos más publicitados entre los niños fueron lácteos azucarados (28.4%), bebidas azucaradas (25.5%) y cereales azucarados (17.7%). De dichos alimentos, 75% supera el criterio para azúcares libres. CONCLUSIONES: En la televisión chilena se publicitan alimentos ultraprocesados que superan los límites de azúcares libres.

Use of cellulolytic marine bacteria for enzymatic pretreatment in microalgal biogas production.

In this study, we designed and evaluated a microalgal pretreatment method using cellulolytic bacteria that naturally degrades microalgae in their native habitat. Bacterial strains were isolated from each of two mollusk species in a medium containing 1% carboxymethyl cellulose agar. We selected nine bacterial strains that had endoglucanase activity: five strains from Mytilus chilensis, a Chilean mussel, and four strains from Mesodesma donacium, a clam found in the Southern Pacific. These strains were identified phylogenetically as belonging to the genera Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Chryseobacterium, and Raoultella. The cellulase-producing capacities of these strains were characterized, and the degradation of cell walls in Botryococcus braunii and Nannochloropsis gaditana was tested with "whole-cell" cellulolytic experiments. Aeromonas bivalvium MA2, Raoultella ornithinolytica MA5, and Aeromonas salmonicida MC25 degraded B. braunii, and R. ornithinolytica MC3 and MA5 degraded N. gaditana. In addition, N. gaditana was pretreated with R. ornithinolytica strains MC3 and MA5 and was then subjected to an anaerobic digestion process, which increased the yield of methane by 140.32% and 158.68%, respectively, over that from nonpretreated microalgae. Therefore, a "whole-cell" cellulolytic pretreatment can increase the performance and efficiency of biogas production.

Consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en profesionales de la salud (médicos y enfermeros) de dos IPS de primer nivel de atención en consulta externa de Bogotá / Drugs of abuse consumption in health professionals (physicians and nurses) from two outpatient services of first level attention in Bogota / Consumo de sustâncias psicoativas em profissionais da saúde (médicos e enfermeiros) de dois IPS de primeiro nível de atenção em consulta externa de Bogotá

Se realizó un estudio para establecer la prevalencia de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas (SPA) en médicos y enfermeros de dos Instituciones Prestadoras de Salud (IPS) de consulta externa de Bogotá, para identificar las frecuencias de consumo, para establecer la prevalencia de alcoholismo empleando el índice CAGE y para explorar el interés en participar en programas de prevención o reducción de consumo en el ambiente laboral. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio de corte transversal mediante la aplicación de una encuesta anónima autodiligenciada. Resultados: se aplicaron cincuenta y ocho encuestas (treinta y ocho en médicos y veinte en enfermeros). Las sustancias más consumidas en ambos grupos fueron alcohol, cigarrillo y bebidas energizantes, seguidas en médicos por marihuana y en enfermeros por barbitúricos, antidepresivos, anfetaminas y opiáceos. La prevalencia de alcoholismo fue superior a 8% en ambos grupos. Un 58% de los médicos y 70% de los enfermeros participaría en el diseño de programas de salud ocupacional para reducir el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Conclusiones: el consumo de SPA está por encima del encontrado en la literatura para la mayoría de las sustancias en la población general y es similar al revisado para personal de salud. Se recomienda la formulación e implementación de una política empresarial dentro del marco de trabajo en salud ocupacional de estas instituciones, encaminada a la reducción y prevención del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas.

We conducted a study to establish the prevalence of drugs of abuse consumption in physicians and nurses in two health institutions in Bogota outpatient identify the frequency of consumption, to establish the prevalence of alcoholism using the CAGE questionnaire and explore the interest participate in prevention or reduction of consumption in the workplace. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study by applying an anonymous survey. Results: There were 58 questionnaires (38 in physicians and 20 nurses). The substances most consumed in both groups were alcohol, cigarettes and energy drinks, followed on medical by marijuana in nursing followed by barbiturates, antidepressants, amphetamines and opiates. The prevalence of alcoholism was greater than 8% in both groups. 58% of physicians and 70% of nurses would participate in the design of occupational health programs to reduce the consumption of psychoactive substances. Conclusions: The use of drugs of abuse is higher that found in the literature for most of the substances in the general population and is similar to the revised health personnel. It recommends the formulation and implementation of corporate policy within the framework of occupational health work of these institutions, aimed at reducing and preventing the consumption of psychoactive substances.

Introdução:Se realizou um estudo para estabelecer a prevalência de consumo de sustâncias psicoativas (SPA) em médicos e enfermeiros de duas Instituições Prestadoras de Saúde (IPS) de consulta externa de Bogotá, para identificar as frequências de consumo, para estabelecer a prevalência de alcoolismo utilizando o índice CAGE e para explorar o interesse em participar em programas de prevenção ou redução de consumo no ambiente laboral. Metodologia: se realizou um estudo de corte transversal mediante a aplicação de uma sondagem anônima autodiligenciada. Resultados: aplicaram-se cinquenta e oito sondagens (trinta e oito a médicos e vinte a enfermeiros). As sustâncias mais consumidas nos dois grupos foram álcool, cigarro e bebidas energéticas, seguidas em médicos por maconha e em enfermeiros por barbitúricos, antidepressivos, anfetaminas e opiáceos. A prevalência de alcoolismo foi superior a 8% em ambos os grupos. Um 58% dos médicos e 70% dos enfermeiros participaria na criação de programas de saúde ocupacional para reduzir o consumo de sustâncias psicoativas. Conclusões: o consumo de SPA está por cima do encontrado na literatura para a maioria das sustâncias na população geral e é similar ao revisado para pessoal de saúde. Se recomenda a formulação e implementação de uma política empresarial dentro do marco de trabalho em saúde ocupacional destas instituições, encaminhada à redução e prevenção do consumo de sustâncias psicoativas.

Regulación de la publicidad televisiva de alimentos para prevenir la obesidad infantil / Regulation of food advertising on television for the prevention of childhood obesity

La obesidad es una grave epidemia a nivel mundial y las estrategias aplicadas para su prevención han dado pobres resultados. Numerosos factores ambientales se han asociado al riesgo de obesidad y es importante que todos ellos sean considerados en las políticas de prevención. Se ha demostrado que existe un nexo entre la publicidad de alimentos en televisión con la obesidad infantil. La gran cantidad de anuncios publicitarios de alimentos poco saludables dirigidos a los niños a través de la televisión y las repercusiones que esto podría tener en la salud, ha llevado a algunos países a legislar al respecto. Sin embargo, falta definir a nivel internacional un marco conceptual de referencia que permita una legislación que logre un impacto real en la prevención de la obesidad infantil. Este trabajo revisa las evidencias científicas disponibles sobre la relación entre publicidad de alimentos y obesidad infantil como base para el desarrollo de políticas públicas de regulación del mercadeo de alimentos a través de la televisión.

Obesity is a serious global epidemic and the prevention strategies implemented have been insufficient. Numerous environmental factors have been associated with risk of obesity and their full consideration in prevention policies is important. The connection between food advertising on television and childhood obesity has been demonstrated. The large number of advertisements for unhealthy foods targeted at children through television and its possible impact on health has led some countries to legislate on this matter. However, a conceptual framework of reference enabling legislation must be internationally defined in order to achieve a real impact in preventing childhood obesity. This paper reviews scientific evidence on the relationship between food advertising and childhood obesity as a basis for developing public policies to regulate food marketing on television.

[Regulation of food advertising on television for the prevention of childhood obesity]. / Regulación de la publicidad televisiva de alimentos para prevenir la obesidad infantil.

Obesity is a serious global epidemic and the prevention strategies implemented have been insufficient. Numerous environmental factors have been associated with risk of obesity and their full consideration in prevention policies is important. The connection between food advertising on television and childhood obesity has been demonstrated. The large number of advertisements for unhealthy foods targeted at children through television and its possible impact on health has led some countries to legislate on this matter. However, a conceptual framework of reference enabling legislation must be internationally defined in order to achieve a real impact in preventing childhood obesity. This paper reviews scientific evidence on the relationship between food advertising and childhood obesity as a basis for developing public policies to regulate food marketing on television.