ABSTRACT
Mps1, also known as TTK, is a dual-specificity kinase that regulates the spindle assembly check point. Increased expression levels of Mps1 are observed in cancer cells, and the expression levels correlate well with tumor grade. Such evidence points to selective inhibition of Mps1 as an attractive strategy for cancer therapeutics. Starting from an aminopyridine-based lead 3a that binds to a flipped-peptide conformation at the hinge region in Mps1, elaboration of the aminopyridine scaffold at the 2- and 6-positions led to the discovery of 19c that exhibited no significant inhibition for 287 kinases as well as improved cellular Mps1 and antiproliferative activities in A549 lung carcinoma cells (cellular Mps1 IC50=5.3 nM, A549 IC50=26 nM). A clear correlation between cellular Mps1 and antiproliferative IC50 values indicated that the antiproliferative activity observed in A549 cells would be responsible for the cellular inhibition of Mps1. The X-ray structure of 19c in complex with Mps1 revealed that this compound retains the ability to bind to the peptide flip conformation. Finally, comparative analysis of the X-ray structures of 19c, a deamino analogue 33, and a known Mps1 inhibitor bound to Mps1 provided insights into the unique binding mode at the hinge region.
Subject(s)
Aminopyridines/pharmacology , Cell Cycle Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Aminopyridines/chemical synthesis , Aminopyridines/chemistry , Animals , Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Drug Stability , Humans , Male , Microsomes, Liver/chemistry , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Solubility , Structure-Activity Relationship , Tissue DistributionABSTRACT
Monopolar spindle 1 (Mps1) is an attractive oncology target due to its high expression level in cancer cells as well as the correlation of its expression levels with histological grades of cancers. An imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine 10a was identified during an HTS campaign. Although 10a exhibited good biochemical activity, its moderate cellular as well as antiproliferative activities needed to be improved. The cocrystal structure of an analogue of 10a guided our lead optimization to introduce substituents at the 6-position of the scaffold, giving the 6-aryl substituted 21b which had improved cellular activity but no oral bioavailability in rat. Property-based optimization at the 6-position and a scaffold change led to the discovery of the imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine-based 27f, an extremely potent (cellular Mps1 IC50 = 0.70 nM, A549 IC50 = 6.0 nM), selective Mps1 inhibitor over 192 kinases, which could be orally administered and was active in vivo. This 27f demonstrated remarkable antiproliferative activity in the nanomolar range against various tissue cancer cell lines.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Cell Cycle Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Drug Discovery , Imidazoles/pharmacology , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Pyridazines/pharmacology , Administration, Oral , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cell Survival/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Female , Humans , Imidazoles/chemical synthesis , Imidazoles/chemistry , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Mice, Nude , Molecular Structure , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism , Pyridazines/chemical synthesis , Pyridazines/chemistry , Rats , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Monopolar spindle 1 (Mps1) is essential for centrosome duplication, the spindle assembly check point, and the maintenance of chromosomal instability. Mps1 is highly expressed in cancer cells, and its expression levels correlate with the histological grades of cancers. Thus, selective Mps1 inhibitors offer an attractive opportunity for the development of novel cancer therapies. To design novel Mps1 inhibitors, we utilized the pan-kinase inhibitor anthrapyrazolone (4, SP600125) and its crystal structure bound to JNK1. Our design efforts led to the identification of indazole-based lead 6 with an Mps1 IC50 value of 498 nM. Optimization of the 3- and 6-positions on the indazole core of 6 resulted in 23c with improved Mps1 activity (IC50 = 3.06 nM). Finally, application of structure-based design using the X-ray structure of 23d bound to Mps1 culminated in the discovery of 32a and 32b with improved potency for cellular Mps1 and A549 lung cancer cells. Moreover, 32a and 32b exhibited reasonable selectivities over 120 and 166 kinases, respectively.
Subject(s)
Anthracenes/chemical synthesis , Cell Cycle Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Imidazoles/chemical synthesis , JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Anthracenes/pharmacokinetics , Anthracenes/pharmacology , Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry , Cell Line, Tumor , Crystallography, X-Ray , Humans , Imidazoles/pharmacokinetics , Imidazoles/pharmacology , Models, Molecular , Molecular Conformation , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry , Rats , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Monopolar spindle 1 (Mps1) is an attractive cancer drug target due to the important role that it plays in centrosome duplication, the spindle assembly checkpoint, and the maintenance of chromosomal stability. A design based on JNK inhibitors with an aminopyridine scaffold and subsequent modifications identified diaminopyridine 9 with an IC50 of 37 nM. The X-ray structure of 9 revealed that the Cys604 carbonyl group of the hinge region flips to form a hydrogen bond with the aniline NH group in 9. Further optimization of 9 led to 12 with improved cellular activity, suitable pharmacokinetic profiles, and good in vivo efficacy in the mouse A549 xenograft model. Moreover, 12 displayed excellent selectivity over 95 kinases, indicating the contribution of its unusual flipped-peptide conformation to its selectivity.
