ABSTRACT
The Friedel-Crafts reaction of electronically deactivated anilines including those with strong electron-withdrawing NO2, CN or CO2H groups is challenging due to the reduced electron density of the aromatic ring. Here, we demonstrate the Au(III)/TPPMS-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts benzylation of deactivated anilines in water. This reaction exhibits operational simplicity and a broad substrate scope with high regioselectivity, enabling rapid access to 2-benzylanilines.
ABSTRACT
We developed a synthetic method for obtaining 4,5-disubstituted 2-(pyridin-2-yl)oxazoles from picolinamide and aldehydes by employing Pd(TFA)2 as the catalyst in n-octane. This cascade reaction involves the condensation of picolinamide and two aldehyde molecules promoted by trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) generated in situ from Pd(TFA)2. This one-pot protocol provides rapid access to synthetically valuable triaryloxazoles from readily available starting materials under mild conditions. An 18O labeling study revealed that this tandem reaction proceeded via a different reaction mechanism compared to the Robinson-Gabriel oxazole synthesis.
ABSTRACT
We report a method for gold(III)/sodium diphenylphosphinobenzene-3-sulfonate (TPPMS)-catalyzed direct amination of benzhydrols using 2-aminopyridines with poor nucleophilic character in water. Various functional groups such as electron-withdrawing nitro, cyano and halogen groups were tolerated well to form the desired N-benzylated 2-aminopyridine compounds. On the basis of mechanistic studies including kinetic profiles, Hammett study and isotope effects, we propose a pathway in which a Lewis acidic gold cation species activates the sp3 C-O bond of the alcohol in the rate-determining step.
Subject(s)
Electrons , Water , Amination , Aminopyridines/chemistry , Benzhydryl Compounds , Catalysis , Cations , Gold/chemistryABSTRACT
We optimized the structure of an active metabolite (1) of WAY-123783, which was obtained from mouse urine after oral administration, to improve selectivity for SGLT2 and oral bioavailability. O-glucoside derivative 24 (remogliflozin etabonate) was subsequently identified as a potent, highly selective, and orally available SGLT2 inhibitor.
Subject(s)
Glucosides/chemistry , Glucosides/pharmacology , Pyrazoles/chemistry , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/chemistry , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/pharmacology , Administration, Oral , Animals , Biological Availability , COS Cells , Chlorocebus aethiops , Drug Discovery , Glycosuria , Mice , Molecular Structure , Pyrazoles/metabolism , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2/genetics , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2/metabolism , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/metabolismABSTRACT
A synthetic method for dehydrative N-benzylation promoted by water molecules in heptane using a π-benzylpalladium system has been developed. The presence of water significantly accelerates carbon-nitrogen bond formation, which is accomplished in an atom-economical process to afford the corresponding N-monobenzylated products. A crossover experiment afforded H/D scrambled products, which is consistent with a borrowing hydrogen mechanism. Kinetic isotope effect measurements revealed that benzylic carbon-hydrogen bond cleavage was the rate-determining step.
ABSTRACT
Calix[3]aramide-based cylindrical macrocycles were synthesized by the one-step amide coupling reaction of a monomer containing two meta-alkylaminobenzoic acid units linked by para-phenylene bridges. The major products included a meso-form and an enantiomeric pair, with stereochemistry derived from the direction of the amide bonds and their fixed conformation. Mirror-image ECD, VCD, and CPL spectra were observed in the enantiomeric pair and the absolute structure was determined by comparing measured and calculated ECD and VCD spectra.
ABSTRACT
Calix[3]aramide-based macrocycles 1 were successfully synthesized by a Glaser coupling reaction of two meta-calix[3]aramide moieties that have three ethynyl groups. The obtained macrocycles have stereoisomers: an enantiomeric pair and a meso form based on a combination of amide bond directions in the calix[3]aramide moieties at both ends of the molecule. Characteristic absorption spectra derived from the 1,4-diphenylbutadiyne structure were observed, while their ECD spectra were mirror-images. Single-crystal X-ray analysis revealed that each stereoisomer had a cylindrical rigid shape, and the absolute structure of the chiral-form was also assigned by comparing the Flack parameters. Mirror-image VCD spectra were observed for the enantiomeric chiral forms, and a VCD signal pattern of one enantiomer corresponded to that predicted by the relationship between the dihedral angle of the pair of C[double bond, length as m-dash]O groups.
ABSTRACT
A strategy for the gold(III)-catalyzed decarboxylative coupling reaction of indole-3-carboxylic acids with benzylic alcohols has been developed. This cascade reaction is devised as a straightforward and efficient synthetic route for 3-benzylindoles in moderate to excellent yields (50-93%). A Hammett study of the protodecarboxylation gives a negative ρ value, suggesting that there is a buildup of positive charge on the indole ring in the transition state. Furthermore, comparison of initial rates in H2O and in D2O reveals an observed kinetic solvent isotope effect (KSIE = 2.7). This simple protocol, which affords the desired products with CO2 and water as the coproducts, can be achieved under mild conditions without the need for base or other additives in water.
ABSTRACT
A facile synthetic procedure for the production of N-alkylated 3,4-dihydroisoquinolinone derivatives is described. The desired products were obtained by N-alkylation of 3,3'-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline derivatives followed by oxidation of the resulting iminium salts. Reaction conditions for both steps were very mild and the desired cyclization products could be obtained in good yield. This strategy allows the generation of N-substituted 3,4-dihydroisoquinolinone derivatives with substituents at the 3-position.
ABSTRACT
An efficient direct nucleophilic substitution of benzhydryl alcohols with electron-deficient benzenethiols using cationic Pd(ii) catalysts as Lewis acids in water is reported. Atom economical and environmentally benign protocols afford S-benzylated products in moderate to excellent yields. Commercially available Pd(MeCN)4(OTf)2, PdCl2(MeCN)2, and Na2PdCl4 are highly efficient catalysts. Notably, this simple protocol can be achieved without any other additives such as acids, bases, or external ligands. A Hammett study on the rate constants of S-benzylation by using various substituted benzhydryl alcohols yielded negative ρ values, suggesting that there is a build-up of positive charge in the transition state.
ABSTRACT
A phenotypic screening of thienodiazepines derived from a hit compound found through a binding assay targeting co-stimulatory molecules on T cells and antigen presenting cells successfully led to the discovery of a thienotriazolodiazepine compound (7f) possessing potent immunosuppressive activity. A chemical biology approach has succeeded in revealing that 7f is a first inhibitor of epigenetic bromodomain-containing proteins. 7f is expected to become an anti-cancer agent as well as an immunosuppressive agent.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Azepines/pharmacology , CD28 Antigens/metabolism , Drug Discovery , Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology , T-Lymphocytes/cytology , T-Lymphocytes/drug effects , Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Azepines/chemical synthesis , Azepines/chemistry , CD28 Antigens/immunology , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cell Survival/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Histone Acetyltransferases , Histone Chaperones , Humans , Immunosuppressive Agents/chemical synthesis , Immunosuppressive Agents/chemistry , Molecular Structure , Nuclear Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Nuclear Proteins/metabolism , Phenotype , Structure-Activity Relationship , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/metabolismABSTRACT
An efficient and environmentally benign method for the direct nucleophilic substitution of benzylic alcohols with electron-deficient benzenethiols in water is developed. π-Benzylpalladium(ii) cation complexes show high catalytic activity for S-benzylation, which provides a mechanistic alternative to the borrowing hydrogen methodology. Hammett studies on the rate constants of S-benzylation by various substituted alcohols show good correlation between log(kX/kH) and the σ value of the respective substituents. From the slope, negative ρ values are obtained, suggesting that there is a build-up of positive charge in the transition state. Water plays an important role in the catalytic system for sp(3) C-O bond activation and stabilization of the activated Pd(ii) cation species.
ABSTRACT
6-Chlorotryptophan possesses unique bioactivity and can be used as a precursor for several bioactive compounds in medicinal chemistry. It was enantioselectively synthesized by condensing 6-chloroindole with racemic N-acetylserine, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with l-aminoacylase (EC 3.5.1.14). The optical purity was examined by conducting high-performance liquid chromatography with a Cinchona alkaloid-based zwitterionic chiral stationary phase (CSP) [CHIRALPAK(®) ZWIX(+)], which bears a chiral trans-2-aminocyclohexanesulfonic acid moiety tagged at C-9 of the Cinchona alka-loid. The zwitterionic CSP enabled efficient enantiomeric separations of monosubstituted tryptophan derivatives 1-methyltryptophan, 5-methyltryptophan, 6-methyltryptophan, 5-methoxytryptophan, and 6-chlorotryptophan with a methanol/H2O (98/2) mobile phase containing formic acid (FA) and diethylamine (DEA) additives. The mobile phase contains 25-75 mM FA and 20-50 mM DEA, enabling good separation of the enantiomers of each tryptophan derivative (α > 1.25). Thus, the optical purity of the synthesized 6-chloro-l-tryptophan was easily determined (greater than 99.0%) using HPLC with the zwitterionic CSP.
ABSTRACT
The interaction of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) with ferrous ions (Fe(2+)) in the solid state, in water, and in polar organic solvents was investigated using (1)H-NMR, (13)C-NMR, IR, and UV-visible (Vis) spectroscopies. A red-purple colored substance was formed after grinding solid MMF and FeSO4·7H2O in a mortar. The IR spectrum of taken as a KBr tablet of the colored substance showed a new absorption band at 1651 cm(-1). Although the color disappeared when the sample was dissolved in water, it persisted in organic solvents such as MeOH or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The UV-Vis spectrum of a 0.25 mM MeOH solution of MMF showed a new absorption maximum at 507 nm in the presence of Fe(2+) ions, while an aqueous solution of the same mixture showed no significant change from the MMF solution. All the signals in the (13)C-NMR spectrum in DMSO-d6 solution were unambiguously assigned. Upon the addition of 0.5 eq. of Fe(2+) ions, all the carbon signals except those of the 2-morpholinoethyl group almost disappeared, which clearly indicated that the Fe(2+) ions were located far away from the 2-morpholinoethyl groups in the MMF molecules. On the basis of these results, we have concluded that the MMF-Fe(2+) complex is actually formed in the solid state as well as in polar organic solvents such as MeOH or DMSO.
Subject(s)
Cations, Divalent/chemistry , Ferrous Compounds/chemistry , Immunosuppressive Agents/chemistry , Mycophenolic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Dimethyl Sulfoxide/chemistry , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Methanol/chemistry , Mycophenolic Acid/chemistry , Solvents/chemistry , Spectrophotometry, Infrared , Spectrophotometry, UltravioletABSTRACT
A method for enantioselective desymmetrization of N-Ac and N-Boc-FTY720 by nonenzymatic asymmetric acylation was developed. Effective enantioselective monobenzoylation using benzoyl chloride in the presence of the tetraphenylbisoxazoline (L2)-CuCl2 complex gave the desired products 3a and 3b in 52-62% yield with 64% ee.
Subject(s)
Propylene Glycols/chemistry , Sphingosine/analogs & derivatives , Acylation , Benzoates/chemistry , Catalysis , Coordination Complexes/chemistry , Copper/chemistry , Fingolimod Hydrochloride , Oxazoles/chemistry , Solvents/chemistry , Sphingosine/chemistry , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
We have designed a novel lipid analog (lipopeptide) that mimics the structural features of modified phospholipids. This lipopeptide is easily synthesized using a peptide synthesizer and has been shown to be useful for the modification of liposomes, which are used as an active targeted drug delivery system (DDS). Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has high homology with pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP). There are three major PACAP receptors: PAC1R, VPAC1R, and VPAC2R. PAC1R has affinity only for PACAP, whereas VPAC1R and VPAC2R have the same affinity for both VIP and PACAP. In the present study, we synthesized several lipopeptides conjugated with VIP through different linkers and found that liposomes modified with these lipopeptides (VIP-Lips) selectively recognized the PACAP/VIP receptors. The anti-cancer activity of these VIP-Lips was evaluated by encapsulation of an antitumor drug, doxorubicin (DOX), into the modified liposomes (VIP-Lips-DOX) against the human osteosarcoma cell line, Saos-2, which highly expresses the VIP receptor. cAMP production was then measured to determine how well the VIP-Lips were able to recognize VPAC2R. The results clearly indicate that the proposed lipopeptide methodology holds promise as a DDS for cancer therapy.
Subject(s)
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/chemistry , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Survival , Drug Delivery Systems , Humans , Liposomes/chemistryABSTRACT
Mercaptobenzoic acid-palladium(0) complexes show high catalytic activity for S-benzylation with benzylic alcohols via the (η(3)-benzyl)palladium(II) cation in water. Notably, these palladium(0) complexes could play an important role in formation of active (η(3)-benzyl)palladium(II) cation complexes followed by S-benzylation. Hammett studies on the rate constants of S-benzylation by various substituted alcohols show good correlation between log(kX/kH) and the σ(+) value of the respective substituents. From the slope, negative ρ values are obtained, suggesting that there is a build-up of positive charge in the transition state. Water plays an important role in the catalytic system for sp(3) C-O bond activation and stabilization of the activated Pd(II) cation species. The catalytic system can be performed using only 2.5 mol% Pd2(dba)3 without the phosphine ligand or other additives.
Subject(s)
Benzoates/chemistry , Benzyl Alcohol/chemistry , Palladium/chemistry , Sulfhydryl Compounds/chemistry , Water/chemistry , Catalysis , Cations , Disulfides/chemistry , Kinetics , Solvents/chemistryABSTRACT
A novel and efficient method for the Au(III)/TPPMS-catalyzed direct substitution reaction of benzhydryl and benzylic alcohols with indoles in water is developed. Au(III)/TPPMS is an effective catalyst for the benzylation of the strong π nucleophile 1-methylindole, while common Brønsted or Lewis acids are ineffective.
Subject(s)
Benzyl Alcohols/chemistry , Gold/chemistry , Indoles/chemistry , Organophosphorus Compounds/chemistry , Sulfonic Acids/chemistry , Water/chemistry , Catalysis , Molecular StructureABSTRACT
A new component for the solid phase peptide synthesis of lipopeptide, 2-[(4R,5R)-5-({[(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy]carbonylaminomethyl}-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy]acetic acid (2), was designed and synthesized from (-)-2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-threitol (3) in 4 steps. The key step was the selective alkylation of 3 with benzyl bromoacetate in the presence of Cs2CO3. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-lipopeptide (1) incorporating this linker was synthesized by solid phase peptide synthesis.
Subject(s)
Dioxolanes/chemical synthesis , Drug Carriers/chemistry , Liposomes/chemistry , Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/chemical synthesis , Acetates/chemistry , Alkylation , Carbonates/chemistry , Cesium/chemistry , Dioxolanes/chemistry , Solid-Phase Synthesis Techniques , Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/chemistryABSTRACT
A novel and efficient method for the benzylation of unprotected anthranilic acids with benzhydryl alcohols using water-soluble Au(III)/TPPMS in water is developed. Water plays an important role in our catalytic system. This new protocol could be used for not only N-benzylation, but also chemoselective C-benzylation by the Friedel-Crafts reaction.