Primary and secondary non-traumatic intra-cerebral haemorrhage: MRI findings.

Intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 10-30% of strokes, being the form with the worst prognosis. The causes of cerebral haemorrhage can be both primary, mainly hypertensive and amyloid angiopathy, and secondary, such as tumours or vascular lesions. Identifying the aetiology of bleeding is essential since it determines the treatment to be performed and the patient's prognosis. The main objective of this review is to review the main magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of the primary and secondary causes of ICH, focusing on those radiological signs that help guide bleeding due to primary angiopathy or secondary to an underlying lesion. The indications for MRI in the event of non-traumatic intracranial haemorrhage will also be reviewed.

Hemorragia cerebral primaria y secundaria no traumática: Hallazgos en RM / Primary and secondary non-traumatic intra-cerebral haemorrhage: MRI findings

La hemorragia intracraneal (HIC) supone un 10-30% de los ictus, siendo la forma de peor pronóstico. Las causas de hemorragia cerebral pueden ser primarias, fundamentalmente la angiopatía hipertensiva y amiloide, o secundarias, como tumores o lesiones vasculares. Identificar la etiología del sangrado es importante, ya que determina el tratamiento a realizar y el pronóstico del paciente. El objetivo principal de esta revisión es repasar los principales hallazgos por resonancia magnética (RM) de las causas de HIC primarias y secundarias, deteniéndonos en aquellos signos radiológicos que ayudan a orientar hacia un sangrado por una angiopatía primaria o bien secundario a una lesión subyacente. También se revisarán las indicaciones de RM ante una hemorragia intracraneal no traumática (AU)

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 10-30% of strokes, being the form with the worst prognosis. The causes of cerebral hemorrhage can be both primary, mainly hypertensive and amyloid angiopathy, and secondary, such as tumors or vascular lesions. Identifying the etiology of bleeding is essential since it determines the treatment to be performed and the patient's prognosis. The main objective of this review is to review the main magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of the primary and secondary causes of ICH, focusing on those radiological signs that help guide bleeding due to primary angiopathy or secondary to an underlying lesion. The indications for MRI in the event of non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage will also be reviewed (AU)

Encefalopatía subaguda por metotrexato, características de la neuroimagen / Methotrexate-induced subacute encephalopathy, neuroimaging characteristics

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Manejo conservador de las lesiones esplénicas: experiencia en 136 pacientes con traumatismo esplénico cerrado / Conservative management of splenic lesions: experience in 136 patients with blunt splenic injury

Objetivo. Evaluar la eficacia de las pruebas de imagen en la selección del manejo terapéutico de los pacientes. Relacionar el grado de lesión esplénica con el tratamiento instaurado. Exponer los beneficios de la embolización en el trauma esplénico. Material y métodos. Se han estudiado retrospectivamente un total de 136 lesiones esplénicas. Se analizaron los principales mecanismos lesionales, los hallazgos de imagen obtenidos mediante ecografía FAST y TC, el espectro lesional, el manejo terapéutico y la evolución. Resultados. La edad media fue 34,81 años y el principal mecanismo lesional los accidentes de tráfico. El 39,70% de los casos (54 pacientes) mostraban signos de inestabilidad hemodinámica, y el 60,30% restante (82 pacientes) estaban estables o respondían a maniobras de resucitación. La ecografía FAST fue la técnica de imagen inicial y más utilizada en los pacientes inestables, mientras que la TC fue la técnica más empleada en los pacientes estables. El tratamiento fue quirúrgico en el 79,99% de las lesiones de alto grado y conservador expectante en el 55,69% de las lesiones de bajo grado. El 8,54% de los pacientes estables se manejó con arteriografía y embolización. Conclusión. La ecografía FAST demostró ser una técnica decisiva en la elección del tratamiento quirúrgico en los enfermos inestables. Las lesiones de alto grado se asociaron con mayor frecuencia a un tratamiento quirúrgico y las de bajo grado a un manejo no quirúrgico. La arteriografía con embolización demostró ser una terapia eficaz en el tratamiento de lesiones vasculares en enfermos estables (AU)

Objective. To evaluate the usefulness of imaging tests in selecting the treatment for patients with blunt splenic trauma. To relate the grade of splenic lesion with the treatment. To describe the benefits of embolization in splenic trauma. Material and methods. We retrospectively studied 136 splenic lesions. We analyzed the main mechanisms of injury, the imaging findings at focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST US) and CT, the spectrum of lesions, the therapeutic management, and the outcome. Results. The mean age of patients was 34.81 years and the most common mechanism of injury was traffic accidents. Signs of hemodynamic instability were observed in 54 (39.70%) patients; the remaining 82 (60.30%) patients remained stable or responded to resuscitation. FAST US was the initial imaging technique and the most commonly used technique in unstable patients, whereas CT was the most commonly used technique in stable patients. Surgical treatment was used in 79.99% of the high grade lesions and conservative treatment was used in 55.69% of the low grade lesions. Angiography and embolization were used to manage 8.54% of the stable patients. Conclusion. FAST US is decisive in choosing the surgical treatment in unstable patients. High grade lesions are associated with a higher frequency of surgery and lower grade lesions are associated with a higher frequency of nonsurgical management. Angiography with embolization is efficacious in the treatment of vascular lesions in stable patients (AU)

[Conservative management of splenic lesions: experience in 136 patients with blunt splenic injury]. / Manejo conservador de las lesiones esplénicas: experiencia en 136 pacientes con traumatismo esplénico cerrado.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of imaging tests in selecting the treatment for patients with blunt splenic trauma. To relate the grade of splenic lesion with the treatment. To describe the benefits of embolization in splenic trauma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied 136 splenic lesions. We analyzed the main mechanisms of injury, the imaging findings at focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST US) and CT, the spectrum of lesions, the therapeutic management, and the outcome. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 34.81 years and the most common mechanism of injury was traffic accidents. Signs of hemodynamic instability were observed in 54 (39.70%) patients; the remaining 82 (60.30%) patients remained stable or responded to resuscitation. FAST US was the initial imaging technique and the most commonly used technique in unstable patients, whereas CT was the most commonly used technique in stable patients. Surgical treatment was used in 79.99% of the high grade lesions and conservative treatment was used in 55.69% of the low grade lesions. Angiography and embolization were used to manage 8.54% of the stable patients. CONCLUSION: FAST US is decisive in choosing the surgical treatment in unstable patients. High grade lesions are associated with a higher frequency of surgery and lower grade lesions are associated with a higher frequency of nonsurgical management. Angiography with embolization is efficacious in the treatment of vascular lesions in stable patients.

Trombosis venosa renal neonatal: diagnóstico precoz con ecografía Doppler y secuelas a largo plazo / Neonatal renal vein thrombosis: early diagnosis using Doppler ultrasonography and long-term sequelae

Objetivo: Describir los mecanismos fisiopatológicos de las trombosis venosas renales perinatales y los factores de riesgo asociados, haciendo hincapié en las características clínico rradiológicas y en su evolución a largo plazo. Material y métodos: Se han estudiado retrospectivamente un total de 11 casos de trombosis venosa renal neonatal, con una edad media al diagnóstico de 3 días. Se analizaron la forma de presentación, las manifestaciones clínicas, los hallazgos de imagen obtenidos mediante ecografía (modos B y Doppler), el tratamiento instaurado y las secuelas a largo plazo. Resultados: En el momento del diagnóstico, la tríada de masa palpable, hematuria franca y trombocitopenia estaba presente únicamente en el 63,63% de los pacientes. Resultados: En el 45,45% de los casos pudo identificarse un factor de riesgo protrombótico en los recién nacidos o en sus madres. Todos los recién nacidos mostraron aumento del tamaño renal y pérdida de la diferenciación corticomedular en el estudio ecográfico. En 4 de los 11 casos se identificaron imágenes lineales hiperecogénicas intramedulares, características del estadio inicial de la trombosis. Los estudios funcionales de seguimiento con ácido dimercaptosuccínico (DMSA) y ácido mercapto-acetil-triglicina (MAG-3) revelaron anomalías morfológicas en todos los pacientes, con un riñón no funcionante en 7 casos. Conclusiones: Visualizar bandas ecogénicas intramedulares alerta de la fase inicial de una trombosis venosa renal, por lo que debe instaurarse precozmente un tratamiento adecuado. Exceptuando los casos acontecidos intraútero, la trombosis de la vena renal conlleva un mal pronóstico, con atrofia y fallo renal a largo plazo (AU)

Objective: To describe the physiopathological mechanisms in perinatal renal vein thrombosis and the associated risk factors, with emphasis on the clinical and radiological characteristics and on the long-term evolution. Material and methods: We retrospectively studied a total of 11 cases of neonatal renal vein thrombosis; the mean age of patients at diagnosis was 3 days. We analyzed the type of presentation, the clinical manifestations, and the findings at B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography, as well as the treatment undertaken and the long-term sequelae. Results: At the time of diagnosis, the triad of a palpable mass, unequivocal hematuria, and thrombocytopenia was present in only 63.63% of patients. Results: A prothrombotic risk factor was identified in the newborn or mother in 45.45% of cases. At ultrasonographic examination, all newborns had enlarged kidneys and in all cases it was impossible to differentiate between the renal cortex and the renal medulla. In 4 of the 11 cases, hyperechogenic intramedullary linear images characteristic of the initial stage of thrombosis were identified. Functional follow-up studies using DMSA (dimercaptosuccinic acid) and MAG-3 (mercaptoacetyl triglycine acid) revealed morphological abnormalities in all patients; 7 patients had a nonfunctioning kidney. Conclusions: Visualizing echogenic bands within the medulla should alert radiologists to the initial phase of renal vein thrombosis and enable the appropriate treatment to be administered. With the exception of cases discovered before birth, renal vein thrombosis has a poor prognosis, with atrophy and renal failure in the long term (AU)

Infartos cerebrales y carcinomatosis leptomeníngea / No disponible

No disponible

[Neonatal renal vein thrombosis: early diagnosis using Doppler ultrasonography and long-term sequelae]. / Trombosis venosa renal neonatal: diagnóstico precoz con ecografía Doppler y secuelas a largo plazo.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the physiopathological mechanisms in perinatal renal vein thrombosis and the associated risk factors, with emphasis on the clinical and radiological characteristics and on the long-term evolution. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied a total of 11 cases of neonatal renal vein thrombosis; the mean age of patients at diagnosis was 3 days. We analyzed the type of presentation, the clinical manifestations, and the findings at B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography, as well as the treatment undertaken and the long-term sequelae. RESULTS: At the time of diagnosis, the triad of a palpable mass, unequivocal hematuria, and thrombocytopenia was present in only 63.63% of patients. A prothrombotic risk factor was identified in the newborn or mother in 45.45% of cases. At ultrasonographic examination, all newborns had enlarged kidneys and in all cases it was impossible to differentiate between the renal cortex and the renal medulla. In 4 of the 11 cases, hyperechogenic intramedullary linear images characteristic of the initial stage of thrombosis were identified. Functional follow-up studies using DMSA (dimercaptosuccinic acid) and MAG-3 (mercaptoacetyltriglycine acid) revealed morphological abnormalities in all patients; 7 patients had a nonfunctioning kidney. CONCLUSIONS: Visualizing echogenic bands within the medulla should alert radiologists to the initial phase of renal vein thrombosis and enable the appropriate treatment to be administered. With the exception of cases discovered before birth, renal vein thrombosis has a poor prognosis, with atrophy and renal failure in the long term.