Serotonin transporter genotype modulates resting state and predator stress-induced amygdala perfusion in mice in a sex-dependent manner.

The serotonin transporter (5-HTT) is a key molecule of serotoninergic neurotransmission and target of many anxiolytics and antidepressants. In humans, 5-HTT gene variants resulting in lower expression levels are associated with behavioral traits of anxiety. Furthermore, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies reported increased cerebral blood flow (CBF) during resting state (RS) and amygdala hyperreactivity. 5-HTT deficient mice as an established animal model for anxiety disorders seem to be well suited for investigating amygdala (re-)activity in an fMRI study. We investigated wildtype (5-HTT+/+), heterozygous (5-HTT+/-), and homozygous 5-HTT-knockout mice (5-HTT-/-) of both sexes in an ultra-high-field 17.6 Tesla magnetic resonance scanner. CBF was measured with continuous arterial spin labeling during RS, stimulation state (SS; with odor of rats as aversive stimulus), and post-stimulation state (PS). Subsequently, post mortem c-Fos immunohistochemistry elucidated neural activation on cellular level. The results showed that in reaction to the aversive odor CBF in total brain and amygdala of all mice significantly increased. In male 5-HTT+/+ mice amygdala RS CBF levels were found to be significantly lower than in 5-HTT+/- mice. From RS to SS 5-HTT+/+ amygdala perfusion significantly increased compared to both 5-HTT+/- and 5-HTT-/- mice. Perfusion level changes of male mice correlated with the density of c-Fos-immunoreactive cells in the amygdaloid nuclei. In female mice the perfusion was not modulated by the 5-Htt-genotype, but by estrous cycle stages. We conclude that amygdala reactivity is modulated by the 5-Htt genotype in males. In females, gonadal hormones have an impact which might have obscured genotype effects. Furthermore, our results demonstrate experimental support for the tonic model of 5-HTTLPR function.

Visualization of vascular inflammation in the atherosclerotic mouse by ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide vascular cell adhesion molecule-1-specific nanoparticles.

OBJECTIVE: Noninvasive imaging of atherosclerosis remains challenging in clinical applications. Here, we applied noninvasive molecular imaging to detect vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in early and advanced atherosclerotic lesions of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles functionalized with (P03011) or without (P3007) vascular cell adhesion molecule-1-binding peptide were visualized by ultra high-field (17.6 T) magnetic resonance. Injection of P03011 resulted in a marked signal loss in the aortic root of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a Western diet for 8 and 26 weeks in vivo and ex vivo, compared with preinjection measurements, P3007-injected mice, and P03011- or P3007-injected age-matched C57BL/6 controls. Histological analyses revealed iron accumulations in the intima, in colocalization with vascular cell adhesion molecule-1-expressing macrophages and endothelial cells. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy demonstrated iron signals in the intima and media of the aortic root in the P03011-injected but not untreated apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, localized to macrophages, luminal endothelial-like cells, and medial regions containing smooth muscle cells. Electron microscopy confirmed iron particles enclosed in endothelial cells and in the vicinity of smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSIONS: Using a combination of innovative imaging modalities, in this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of applying P03011 as a contrast agent for imaging of atherosclerosis.

Specific identification of iron oxide-labeled stem cells using magnetic field hyperthermia and MR thermometry.

Cell-based therapies represent important novel strategies for the improved treatment of various diseases. To monitor the progress of therapy and cell migration, noninvasive imaging methods are needed. MRI represents such a modality, allowing, for example, for the tracking of cells labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Unfortunately, the labeled cells cannot always be identified nonambiguously in the MR images. In this article, we present the combination of two different types of MR experiment to identify iron oxide-labeled cells nonambiguously. The labeled cells appear as hypointense spots on standard T(2)*-weighted MR images. Furthermore, they can be heated magnetically and subsequently identified by MR thermometry as a result of their heat dissipation. Other hypointense regions in the MR images are not heated and do not show heat dissipation. A proof-of-principle study was successfully performed in vitro and in vivo. The positive identification of the iron oxide-labeled cells was demonstrated in collagen type I hydrogel phantoms and in living mice with high spatial and temporal accuracy. The motion of the in vitro samples was corrected in order to improve the specificity of the identification of labeled cells. Therefore, this method possesses the potential for cell tracking without prior knowledge about the cells, and thus allows the noninvasive monitoring of cell-based therapies, as long as the cells contain a sufficient amount of iron oxide for detection in MR thermometry and imaging.

Differences in the modulation of collective membrane motions by ergosterol, lanosterol, and cholesterol: a dynamic light scattering study.

A dynamic light scattering setup was used to study the undulations of freely suspended planar lipid bilayers, the so-called black lipid membranes, over a previously inaccessible range of frequency and wave number. A pure synthetic lecithin bilayer, 1,2-dielaidoyl-sn-3-glycero-phoshatidylcholine (DEPC), and binary mixtures of DEPC with 40 mol % of cholesterol, ergosterol, or lanosterol were studied. By analyzing the dynamic light scattering data (oscillation and damping curves) in terms of transverse shear motion, we extracted the lateral tension and surface viscosity of the composite bilayers for each sterol. Cholesterol gave the strongest increase in lateral tension (approximately sixfold) with respect to the DEPC control, followed by lanosterol (approximately twofold), and ergosterol (1.7-fold). Most interestingly, only cholesterol simultaneously altered the surface viscosity of the bilayer by almost two orders of magnitude, whereas the other two sterols did not affect this parameter. We interpret this unique behavior of cholesterol as a result of its previously established out-of-plane motion which allows the molecule to cross the bilayer midplane, thereby effectively coupling the bilayer leaflets to form a highly flexible but more stable composite membrane.