ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Ovine footrot caused by Dichelobacter nodosus (D nodosus) is an infectious disease affecting sheep worldwide. Switzerland plans a nationwide footrot eradication program, based on PCR-testing of interdigital swab samples. The aim of this study was to test for the presence of D nodosus in clinically footrot-free sheep flocks which had been subjected to different treatment strategies, to assess whether they were feasible for the eradication process, especially focussing on antimicrobial flock treatments. Clinical scoring and PCR-results were compared. Ten farms had used hoof bathing and hoof trimming without causing bleeding, ten had used individual treatments and flock vaccines to gain the free status and ten had become free through whole-flock systemic macrolide treatment. For every farm, three risk-based collected pool samples were analysed for the occurrence of virulent and benign D nodosus by PCR detection of aprV2/aprB2. RESULTS: Six flocks from any treatment group tested positive for aprB2 in all pools. Clinical signs were absent at the time of sampling, but some flocks had experienced non-progressive interdigital inflammation previously. Two flocks tested aprV2-positive in the high-risk pool. One of them underwent a progressive footrot outbreak shortly after sampling. Individual retesting indicated, that virulent D nodosus most likely was reintroduced by a recently purchased ram. In the second flock, a ram was tested positive and treated before clinical signs occurred. CONCLUSIONS: All treatment strategies eliminated the causative agent and were found to be suitable for implementation in the PCR-based eradication process. PCR-testing proved to be more sensitive than visual scoring, as it also detected clinically healthy carriers. It will be of benefit as a diagnostic tool in elimination and surveillance programs.
Subject(s)
Dichelobacter nodosus/isolation & purification , Foot Rot/prevention & control , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/veterinary , Sheep Diseases/prevention & control , Animal Husbandry/methods , Animals , Dichelobacter nodosus/drug effects , Dichelobacter nodosus/pathogenicity , Disinfectants/therapeutic use , Female , Foot Rot/drug therapy , Foot Rot/microbiology , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/diagnosis , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/prevention & control , Hoof and Claw/microbiology , Macrolides , Male , Prevalence , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Sheep , Sheep Diseases/diagnosis , Switzerland , Vaccination/veterinaryABSTRACT
We report a case of spinal seeding of a pilocytic astrocytoma of the chiasma opticum. Microscopic examination of the optic nerve tumor and the spinal tumor showed the same pathological patterns, without any signs of anaplastic transformation. The clinical course demonstrates the low growth rate of this kind of tumor, but spinal metastasis has not yet been described. We discuss different pathophysiological explanations of this atypical biological behavior with reference to the literature.
