ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: We describe a measles outbreak and control measures implemented at a privately operated detention facility housing US Immigration and Customs Enforcement detainees in 2016. METHODS: Case-patients reported fever and rash and were either laboratory-confirmed or had an epidemiological link to a laboratory-confirmed case-patient. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) avidity and plaque reduction neutralization tests distinguished between primary acute and reinfection case-patients. Measles-specific IgG was measured to assess detainee immunity levels. We compared attack rates (ARs) among detainees and staff, between IgG-negative and IgG-positive detainees, and by detainee housing units and sexes. RESULTS: We identified 32 measles case-patients (23 detainees, 9 staff); rash onsets were during 6 May-26 June 2016. High IgG avidity and neutralizing-antibody titers >40000 to measles (indicating reinfection) were identified in 18 (95%) and 15 (84%) of 19 tested case-patients, respectively. Among 205 unit A detainees tested for presumptive immunity, 186 (91%) had detectable IgG. Overall, the AR was 1.65%. ARs were significantly higher among detainees in unit A (7.05%) compared with units B-F (0.59%), and among male (2.33%) compared with female detainees (0.38%); however, ARs were not significantly different between detainees and staff or between IgG-negative and IgG-positive detainees. Control measures included the vaccination of 1424 of 1425 detainees and 190 of 510 staff, immunity verification for 445 staff, case-patient isolation, and quarantine of affected units. CONCLUSIONS: Although ARs were low, measles outbreaks can occur in intense-exposure settings, despite a high population immunity, underscoring the importance of high vaccination coverage and containment in limiting measles transmission.
Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Measles/epidemiology , Prisons , Adult , Arizona/epidemiology , Female , History, 21st Century , Humans , Immunoenzyme Techniques , Immunoglobulin G , Immunoglobulin M , Male , Measles/diagnosis , Measles/history , Measles/prevention & control , Middle Aged , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Public Health Surveillance , Serologic Tests , Young AdultSubject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Emigration and Immigration/legislation & jurisprudence , Measles/epidemiology , Public Facilities , Adult , Arizona/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control , Humans , Law Enforcement , Measles/diagnosis , Measles/prevention & control , Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine/administration & dosage , Middle Aged , United States , United States Government Agencies , Young AdultABSTRACT
Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal nematode endemic in the tropics and subtropics. Infection is usually acquired through skin contact with contaminated soil, or less commonly, from person to person through fecal contamination of the immediate environment. Infections are often asymptomatic, but can result in a pruritic rash, respiratory symptoms (e.g., cough or wheeze), and gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., diarrhea and vomiting). Immunosuppressed persons can develop strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome, which can be fatal (1). In June 2015, the Pinal County Public Health Services District in Arizona was notified of a suspected strongyloidiasis infection in a resident of a long-term-care facility for developmentally disabled persons. The patient had anemia and chronic eosinophilia. The patient's serum tested positive for S. stercoralis-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) by a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and at CDC by a crude antigen ELISA, a quantitative assay for detection of IgG against S. stercoralis. An investigation was conducted to determine the infection source and identify additional cases.
