ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity and the influence of bleaching agents on immunologically cell surface antigens of murine macrophages in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: RAW 264.7 cells were exposed to bleaching gel extracts (40% hydrogen peroxide or 20% carbamide peroxide) and different H2O2 concentrations after 1 and 24-h exposure periods and 1-h exposure and 23-h recovery. Tests were performed with and without N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO). Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. The expression of surface markers CD14, CD40, and CD54 with and without LPS stimulation was detected by flow cytometry, while the production of TNF-α was measured by ELISA. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Extracts of bleaching agents were cytotoxic for cells after a 1-h exposure; cells could not recover after 24 h. This effect can be mitigated by the antioxidant NAC and increased by BSO, an inhibitor of glutathione (GSH) synthesis. LPS stimulated expression of all surface markers and TNF-α production. Exposure to bleaching agent extracts and H2O2 leads to a reduction of TNF-α, CD14, and CD40 expression, while the expression of CD54 was upregulated at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Whereas NAC reduced this effect, it was increased in the presence of BSO. CONCLUSIONS: Extracts of bleaching agents were irreversibly cytotoxic to macrophages after a 1-h exposure. Only the expression of CD54 was upregulated. The reactions are mediated by the non-enzymatic antioxidant GSH. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The addition of an antioxidant can downregulate unfavorable effects of dental bleaching.
Subject(s)
Antigens, Surface/drug effects , Bleaching Agents/toxicity , Hydrogen Peroxide/toxicity , Peroxides/toxicity , Urea/analogs & derivatives , Acetylcysteine/pharmacology , Animals , Antigens, Surface/immunology , Buthionine Sulfoximine/pharmacology , Carbamide Peroxide , Cell Survival/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Flow Cytometry , Macrophages/drug effects , Mice , Tooth Bleaching , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology , Urea/toxicityABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Toxicologic aspects of the root canal sealers Acroseal, Epiphany, AH Plus, and castor oil polymer (COP) were analyzed using cell culture techniques. STUDY DESIGN: Set materials were extracted in culture medium, and cytotoxicity and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined in human pulp cells. The formation of micronuclei (MN), indicative of genotoxicity and changes of the cell cycle, were analyzed in V79 cells. RESULTS: The ranking of the most to the least toxic material was: Acroseal > Epiphany = AH Plus >> COP. The production of ROS was increased by Epiphany, Acroseal, and AH Plus about 4-7-fold, but enhanced ROS production was not detected with COP. Acroseal, Epiphany, and AH Plus increased the numbers of MN, and Acroseal delayed the cell cycle in G2 phase. CONCLUSION: The materials which tested cytotoxic in the present study may be able to alter oral tissue-specific functions and cause inflammation.