Subject(s)
Learning , Psychology/history , Awards and Prizes , History, 20th Century , Humans , Mentors , Models, Psychological , Reinforcement, PsychologyABSTRACT
The deception literature has predominantly focused on detection of guilty individuals using electrodermal measures. Little research has examined other psychophysiological measures or the mechanisms underlying deception. Therefore, the present study examined pupillary responses in a differentiation-of-deception paradigm. Twenty-four undergraduate participants answered the same questions twice, once truthfully and once deceptively, while pupillary responses were recorded. Questions were based on recently learned (episodic) information from scenarios or on general (semantic) knowledge from long-term memory. Task-evoked pupil dilation was significantly greater when participants confabulated responses than when they told the truth for both episodic and semantic memory questions. Previous research has demonstrated that pupil size increases with increased cognitive processing load. The present study suggested that generating deceptive recall was associated with increased pupil size and required greater cognitive processing than truthful recall.
Subject(s)
Cognition/physiology , Deception , Pupil/physiology , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Mental RecallABSTRACT
Although the expressions of both positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia spectrum illnesses can each occur with varying degrees of severity, researchers have often dichotomized patients as generally positive or negative subtypes. Studies of schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) have not typically controlled for the severity of the other symptom types when examining the relationship between positive and negative symptom subtypes and cognitive impairment. The present study investigated the relationship between the severity of both symptom types and reaction time crossover task performance in SPD in groups made equivalent on the severity of the other type of symptom. Fifty-eight out of 458 undergraduates were screened into one of four groups (high negative-high positive, low negative-low positive, high negative-low positive or low negative-high positive) by the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire and assessed with the reaction time crossover task. The results indicated that negative schizotypal symptoms were associated with the early crossover pattern, while positive schizotypal symptoms related to longer overall reaction time. Therefore, different cognitive mechanisms involved in crossover task performance appeared to be associated with different symptom subtypes.
Subject(s)
Attention , Delusions/diagnosis , Depression/diagnosis , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Reaction Time , Schizotypal Personality Disorder/diagnosis , Adult , Delusions/psychology , Depression/psychology , Female , Humans , Male , Psychometrics , Schizotypal Personality Disorder/psychology , Students/psychologyABSTRACT
Ross's 1981 model of right-hemisphere processing of affective speech components was investigated within the dichotic paradigm. A spoken sentence constant in semantic content but varying among mad, sad, and glad emotional tones was presented to 45 male and 45 female college students. Duration of stimuli was controlled by adjusting digital sound samples to a uniform length. No effect of sex emerged, but the hypothesized ear advantage was found: more correct identifications were made with the left ear than with the right. A main effect of prosody was also observed, with significantly poorer performance in identifying the sad tone; in addition, sad condition scores for the right ear were more greatly depressed than those for the left ear, resulting in a significant interaction of ear and prosody.
Subject(s)
Affect , Attention , Dichotic Listening Tests , Dominance, Cerebral , Adult , Female , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
Aesthetic preferences for photographs with the main focal content either to the left or right of the photograph's center were examined in right- and left-handed subjects. Verbal responses or manual responses were required. In one experiment with 261 introductory psychology student-subjects, left-handers more often preferred photographs with the more important part on the left ("left-geared") than did right-handers. Exp. 2, involving 84 right-handed student subjects, showed that left-geared photographs presented on the left side were preferred more often than left-geared photographs presented on the right side, and left-geared photographs presented on the left side were more often chosen when a left-handed manual response was required. Interactions between handedness, position of the stimulus, language hemisphere, and response mode make it extremely difficult to ascertain whether the right hemisphere is really more involved in aesthetic decisions.
Subject(s)
Esthetics , Functional Laterality/physiology , Visual Perception/physiology , Adolescent , Adult , Cerebral Cortex/physiology , Female , Hand/physiology , Humans , Male , Verbal Behavior/physiology , Visual FieldsABSTRACT
F.M. Urban made important contributions in psychometry and is best known for his introduction of a correction in the "Müller-Urban weights." Born in Austria, he came to the University of Pennsylvania where he made most of his contributions in psychology. He was trapped in Europe by World War I and never returned to the United States. Myriad hardships forced him to abandon his original project of a study of the entire field of probability and its application to other sciences. Whenever possible, however, he pursued his interests in psychometry and psychophysics and strove to remain active in psychology.
Subject(s)
Psychology/history , Psychometrics/history , Austria , Czechoslovakia , Differential Threshold , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Probability , Psychophysics/history , United StatesABSTRACT
The effects of different types of rehearsal on the recall of a blind motor movement were explored. Immediate recall and delayed recall (covert rehearsal) were compared to recall after the overt rehearsal of either movement distance or end-location. Spontaneous decay was evident in a large increase in variable error (VE) for all rehearsal conditions even though the location cue was reliable. Massed distance rehearsals yielded less VE than spaced, and VE increased with successive rehearsals, providing further support for spontaneous decay. Constant error showed a central tendency effect and decreased in overshooting over time. Longer movements yielded more VE than shorter, and the increase in VE over time was greater for longer movements, suggesting that retention characteristics may differ as a function of movement length.
Subject(s)
Brain Chemistry , Discrimination Learning/drug effects , Tissue Extracts/pharmacology , Animals , RatsSubject(s)
Behavior Therapy , Psychoanalysis , Psychology, Clinical , Humans , Models, Psychological , Psychology, SocialABSTRACT
Este manual incluye diversos temas: La psicología como ciencia, Sistemas de psicología: Estructuralismo, Funcionalismo, Asociacionismo, Conductismo, Psicología de la Gestalt, Psicoanálisis y Teorías contemporáneas
ABSTRACT
Este manual incluye diversos temas: La psicología como ciencia, Sistemas de psicología: Estructuralismo, Funcionalismo, Asociacionismo, Conductismo, Psicología de la Gestalt, Psicoanálisis y Teorías contemporáneas
