Sulindac sulfide-induced apoptosis involves death receptor 5 and the caspase 8-dependent pathway in human colon and prostate cancer cells.

Sulindac is the most extensively investigated clinically relevant chemopreventive nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Sulindac sulfide is one of the major metabolites of sulindac that is believed to mediate its antitumorigenic effects by inducing apoptosis. Recent evidence suggests that sulindac sulfide engages the mitochondrial pathway involving caspase 9 and Bax to mediate its apoptotic effects [Zhang et al., Science (Wash. DC), 290: 989-992, 2000]. In this report, we demonstrate that sulindac sulfide also engaged the membrane death receptor (DR) pathway to mediate apoptosis. Sulindac sulfide up-regulated DR5 and activated the proximal caspase 8 in various different colon and prostate cancer cell lines. Sulindac sulfide specifically up-regulated the DR5 levels but had no effect on the levels of other DRs including DR4, Fas, and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1. To further delineate the role of DR5 in sulindac sulfide-induced apoptosis, we used JCA-1 prostate cancer cells that are deficient in mounting a Fas and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1-dependent apoptotic response but are proficient in mediating DR5-dependent apoptosis. JCA-1 cells were stably transfected with dominant-negative Fas-associated death domain to block the flow of apoptotic signals originating from the endogenous DR5, and sulindac sulfide-induced apoptosis was investigated. Our results indicated that by blocking the DR5-dependent apoptotic pathway, dominant-negative Fas-associated death domain did indeed inhibit sulindac sulfide-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, exogenous tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, the ligand for DR5, also potentiated sulindac sulfide-induced apoptosis in all of the cell lines tested, thereby further supporting the involvement of DR5 in sulindac sulfide-induced apoptosis. Thus, our results demonstrate that sulindac sulfide also engages the membrane DR pathway involving DR5 and proximal caspase 8 to induce apoptosis.

Fluorinated carbohydrates as potential plasma membrane modifiers. Synthesis of 3-deoxy-3-fluoro derivatives of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-hexopyranoses.

Treatment of benzyl 2-acetamido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-alpha-D-allopyranoside with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride or of the 3-O-mesyl derivative with tetrabutylammonium fluoride gave the 2,3-unsaturated compound instead of the expected 3-deoxy-3-fluoro derivative. The latter was obtained when benzyl 2-acetamido-4,6-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-3-O-mesyl-alpha-D-allopyran oside was treated with potassium fluoride. Methyl 2-azido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-alpha-D-altropyranoside was converted into the 2-acetamido- and 2-phthalimido-3-O-mesyl derivatives; when treated with fluoride nucleophile, these gave only the 2,3-aziridine derivative. However, treatment of the 2-azido-2-deoxy derivative with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride gave methyl 2-azido-2,3-dideoxy-3-fluoro-alpha-D-mannopyranoside which, after reduction, deprotection, and acetylation, gave the acetylated derivative of methyl 2-acetamido-2,3-dideoxy-3-fluoro-alpha-D-mannopyranoside in excellent yield. These acetylated 3-fluoro derivatives exhibited inhibition of cell growth of murine L1210 leukemia cells in culture at micromolar concentrations.