Effect of the central oxoanion size on the voltammetric properties of Keggin-type [XW(12)O(40)](n-) (n = 2-6) complexes.

An alpha-Keggin-type [ZnW(12)O(40)](6-) complex was prepared and structurally characterized. Unlike [XW(12)O(40)](n-) (n = 3-5) complexes that undergo one- and two-electron reductions in neutral and acidic media, respectively, [ZnW(12)O(40)](6-) showed a four-electron redox wave in acidified CH(3)CN. The present study demonstrated that the voltammetric properties of the Keggin anions were governed by the bond valence of the mu(4)-O-W bond as well as the ionic charge, and the four-electron behavior was ascribed to the increase of the bond valence (the decrease of the mu(4)-O-W distance), owing to the greater X-mu(4)-O distances. For the Keggin anions with identical ionic charge, the first one-electron redox wave was situated at more positive potentials with an increase of the bond valence. It turned out that the electron density on the W atom was decreased with an increase of the bond valence, because the positive shift of the one-electron wave parallels the downfield shift of the (183)W NMR chemical shift value.

A route to a Keggin-type alpha-[(X(III)O4)Mo12O35(OH)]4- anion through an Anderson-type [X(III)(OH)6Mo6O18]3- anion: X = Ga.

From an aqueous Mo(VI)-Ga(III)-HCl system, a colourless complex was isolated as a K(+) salt, which consists of a hexaprotonated Anderson-type [Ga(OH)(6)Mo(6)O(18)](3-) anion. A yellow complex became kinetically stable by the presence of CH(3)CN at concentrations of 30-40% (v/v). The X-ray structural analysis revealed that the yellow (NPr(n)(4))(4)[(GaO(4))Mo(12)O(35)(OH)] crystal contains an alpha-Keggin structure and the oxygen atom at an edge-shared contact is protonated. The formation conditions of the Keggin complex were elucidated in relation to those of the Anderson complex by a combined (71)Ga NMR and voltammetric study. Evidence was obtained of a spontaneous conversion of [Ga(OH)(6)Mo(6)O(18)](3-) to [(GaO(4))Mo(12)O(35)(OH)](4-) in the Mo(VI)-Ga(III) system.

An approach to the synthesis of polyoxometalate encapsulating different kinds of oxoanions as heteroions: bisphosphitopyrophosphatotriacontamolybdate [(HPO3)2(P2O7)Mo30O90]8-.

A yellow [(HPO(3))(2)(P(2)O(7))Mo(30)O(90)](8-) anion was prepared as a tetrapropylammonium (Pr(4)N(+)) salt from a 50 mM Mo(VI)-2 mM P(2)O(7)(4-)-4 mM HPO(3)(2-)-0.95 M HCl-60% (v/v) CH(3)CN system at ambient temperature. The (Pr(4)N)(8)[(HPO(3))(2)(P(2)O(7))Mo(30)O(90)] salt crystallized in the orthorhombic space group P(nma) (No. 62), with a = 30.827(2) A, b = 22.8060(15) A, c = 30.928(2) A, V = 21743(3) A(3), and Z = 4. The structure contained a (P(2)O(7))Mo(12)O(42) fragment derived from the removal of each corner-shared Mo(3)O(13) unit in a polar position from a [(P(2)O(7))Mo(18)O(54)](4-) structure, and each side of the (P(2)O(7))Mo(12)O(42) fragment was capped by a B-type (HPO(3))Mo(9)O(24) unit. The [(HPO(3))(2)(P(2)O(7))Mo(30)O(90)](8-) anion was characterized by voltammetry and IR, UV-vis, and (31)P NMR spectroscopy. Unlike the Keggin and Dawson anions and the parent [(P(2)O(7))Mo(18)O(54)](4-) anion, the [(HPO(3))(2)(P(2)O(7))Mo(30)O(90)](8-) anion exhibited two-electron redox waves in CH(3)CN with and without acid.

Selective determination of cadmium(II) from divalent metal ions in environmental samples by capillary electrophoresis using in-capillary complexation with a lacunary Keggin-type [PW11O39]7- complex.

A novel capillary electrophoretic (CE) method, based on in-capillary complexation with [PW(11)O(39)](7-), was developed for the determination of cadmium(II) in natural water samples. When a sample solution is injected into a capillary containing 0.20 mM [PW(11)O(39)](7-) and 0.10 M malonate buffer (pH 3.0), the ternary Keggin-type complex, [P(Cd(II)W(11))O(39)](5-), which possesses high molar absorbtivities in the UV region, is formed in the capillary, and its migration toward the anode gives a well-defined migration peak in the electropherogram. An advantage of this method is that many divalent metal ions do not interfere. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Cd(II) in environmental samples. The detection limits were 1 x 10(-7) and 5 x 10(-7) M for river-water and seawater samples, respectively (signal-to-noise ratio = 3).

Simultaneous determination of phosphonate, phosphate, and diphosphate by capillary electrophoresis using in-capillary complexation with Mo(VI).

This study describes the simultaneous determination of phosphonate, phosphate, and diphosphate by CE with direct UV detection, based on in-capillary complexation with Mo(VI). When a mixture of phosphonate, phosphate, and diphosphate was injected into a capillary containing 3.0 mM Mo(VI), 0.05 M malonate buffer (pH 3.0) and 45% v/v CH3CN, three well-defined peaks, due to the migration of the corresponding polyoxomolybdate anions, were separated. The respective calibration graphs were linear in the concentration range of 2 x 10(-6)-2 x 10(-4) M for phosphonate, 1 x 10(-6)-5 x 10(-5) M for phosphate, and 1 x 10(-6)-2 x 10(-4) M for diphosphate; the correlation coefficients were better than 0.9990. The present CE method is successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of phosphonate, phosphate, and diphosphate in tap water.

Simultaneous determination of Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) by CE using precolumn complexation with a [PW(11)O(39)](7-) ligand.

A CE method was developed for the simultaneous determination of Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) at trace levels. A lacunary Keggin-type [PW(11)O(39)](7-) ligand reacted quantitatively with a mixture of trace amounts of Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) to form the so-called ternary Keggin-type anions [P(Zr(IV)W(11))O(40)](5-) and [P(Hf(IV)W(11))O(40)](5-) in 0.010 M monochloroacetate buffer (pH 2.2). Since both ternary anions possessed different electrophoretic mobilities and high molar absorptivities in the UV region, Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) were determined simultaneously with direct UV detection at 258 nm. Each peak height was linearly dependent on the concentration of Zr(IV) or Hf(IV) in the range of 5.0x10(-7)-1.0x10(-5) M; a detection limit of 2x10(-7) M was achieved. The utility of the proposed CE method was demonstrated for the simultaneous determination of Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) in natural water samples with satisfactory results.

Simultaneous capillary electrophoretic determination of Sc(III) and Y(III) based on the complex-formation with a lacunary Keggin-type [PW11O39]7- complex.

Trace amounts of Sc(III) and Y(III) can react with [PW(11)O(39)](7-) to form the ternary Keggin-type complexes: [P(Sc(III)W(11))O(40)](6-) and [P(Y(III)W(11))O(40)](6-) having high molar absorptivities in the UV region. Since the rate of the complex-formation was very rapid and the kinetically stable ternary anions migrated in the capillary with different electrophoretic mobilities, the complex-formation reaction was applied to the simultaneous CE determination of Sc(III) and Y(III) with direct UV detection at 250nm. For both Sc(III) and Y(III), the pre-column method provided linear calibration curves in the range of 2x10(-7) to 1x10(-5)M; the respective detection limits were 1x10(-7)M (the signal-to-noise ratio=3). The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Sc(III) and Y(III) in river water.

Capillary electrophoretic determination of Ga(III) based on the formation of a heteropolyoxomolybdate complex.

A novel capillary electrophoretic (CE) method was developed for the determination of Ga(III). The so-called Anderson-type [GaMo6O24H6]3- complex was readily formed by the reaction of Mo(VI) with Ga(III) in 0.050 M monochloroacetate buffer (pH 2.0) and the precolumn complex-formation reaction was applied to the CE determination of Ga(III) with direct UV detection at 240 nm. The peak area was linearly dependent on the concentration of Ga(III) in the range of 5.0 x 10(-7)-5.0 x 10(-5) M. Owing to the high molar absorptivity of the Anderson anion, a detection limit of 2.0 x 10(-7) M (signal-to-noise ratio=3) was achieved. The advantage of the present method is that the presence of large excesses of Al(III) and In(III) does not cause interference.

Differential pulse voltammetric determination of P(V) following adsorptive accumulation of alpha-[PMo(12)O(40)](3-) on a polypyrrole-modified glassy carbon electrode.

On the basis of the formation and pre-concentration of an alpha-Keggin-type [PMo(12)O(40)](3-) complex, a novel voltammetric method was developed for the determination of trace levels of P(V). The alpha-[PMo(12)O(40)](3-) complex was formed by heating a 5x10(-4) M Mo(VI)-0.2 M HCl-40% (v/v) CH(3)CN system containing a trace amount of P(V) at 70 degrees C for 30 min. During the electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole in the alpha-[PMo(12)O(40)](3-) solution, the alpha-[PMo(12)O(40)](3-) complex was accumulated into the polypyrrole film on a glassy carbon electrode. The differential pulse voltammetric peak current due to the alpha-[PMo(12)O(40)](3-) complex incorporated in the polypyrrole film was linearly dependent on the P(V) concentration in the range of 5x10(-9)-5x10(-7) M; a detection limit of 2x10(-9) M was achieved.

Simultaneous capillary electrophoretic determination of Sb(III) and Bi(III) based on the complex-formation with a W(VI)-P(V) reagent.

A capillary electrophoretic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of Sb(III) and Bi(III). A 1.0 mM W(VI)-0.10 mM P(V) complexing reagent readily reacted with a mixture of trace amounts of Sb(III) and Bi(III) to form the corresponding ternary Keggin-type complexes; [P(Sb(III)W(11))O(40)](6-) and [P(Bi(III)W(11))O(40)](6-) in 0.01 M malonate buffer (pH 2.4). Since the peaks due to the migrations of the ternary complex anions were well separated in the electropherogram, the pre-column complex-formation reaction was applied to the simultaneous CE determination of Sb(III) and Bi(III) with direct UV detection at 255 nm. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 2x10(-7)-5x10(-5) M; a detection limit of 1x10(-7) M was achieved for Sb(III) or Bi(III) (the signal-to-noise ratio=3).

Simultaneous capillary electrophoretic separation and detection of P(V) and As(V) As heteropoly-blue complexes.

A capillary electrophoretic (CE) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of P(V) and As(V). A Mo(VI)-ascorbic acid reagent reacted with a mixture of trace amounts of P(V) and As(V) to form the corresponding heteropoly-blue complexes in 0.05 M acetate buffer (pH 3.5). When 0.05 M malonate buffer was used as a migration buffer, the peaks due to their migrations were well separated in the electropherogram, and the pre-column complex-formation reaction was applied to the simultaneous CE determination of P(V) and As(V) with direct UV detection at 220 nm. With the proposed method, the calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of 5 x 10(-7) - 1 x 10(-4) M, with a detection limit of 1 x 10(-7) M (a signal-to-noise ratio of 3). Interference from foreign ions was also discussed.