ABSTRACT
This paper estimates the effects of participating in the National School Lunch Program in the middle of the 20th century on adult health outcomes and educational attainment. I utilize an instrumental variables strategy that exploits a change in the formula used by the federal government to allocate funding to the states. Identification is achieved by the fact that different birth cohorts were exposed to different degrees to the original formula and the new formula, along with the fact that the change of the formula affected states differentially by per capita income. Participation in the program as a child appears to have few long-run effects on health, but the effects on educational attainment are sizable. These results may suggest that subsidized lunches induced children to attend school but displaced food consumption from other sources. Alternatively, the program may have had short-run health effects that dissipated over time but that facilitated higher educational attainment.
Subject(s)
Dietary Services/legislation & jurisprudence , Nutrition Policy/legislation & jurisprudence , Adolescent , Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Adult , Black People , Body Mass Index , Child , Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Dietary Services/economics , Dietary Services/history , Dietary Services/statistics & numerical data , Educational Status , Female , Financing, Government , Health Status Indicators , History, 20th Century , Humans , Male , Nutrition Policy/economics , Nutrition Policy/history , Nutritional Status , Poverty , Schools/legislation & jurisprudence , United States , White PeopleABSTRACT
Total synthesis of the 18-membered ring cyclodepsipeptide believed to be respirantin (1b) has been achieved. The key step in the synthesis is an intramolecular transesterification of the beta-ketoester alcohol 6 to afford the protected macrocycle 5. The synthetic product was shown to be identical to a natural product presumed to be respirantin (1b), and the absolute stereochemistry of six of the seven asymmetric centers of cyclodepsipeptide 1b was unequivocally established. Respirantin (1b) was found to be a remarkable inhibitor of cancer cell growth and related to the antimycin family of antibiotics.
