[Robot-assisted Microsurgery for Autologous Breast Reconstruction - Robotic Breast Reconstruction]. / Roboter-assistierte Mikrochirurgie zur autologen Brustrekonstruktion.

BACKGROUND: With the introduction of novel surgical robots and surgical microscopes for the special needs of open microsurgery, the concept of robotic-assisted microsurgery is gaining popularity. While initial preclinical studies indicate a steep learning curve, favourable ergonomics and improved precision, albeit with an increased operating time, data on the clinical application of the new systems is still limited. This study describes our first clinical experience with robotic-assisted autologous breast reconstruction and outlines the opportunities and limitations of the approach. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Our retrospective data analysis included a total of 28 patients who underwent unilateral robotic-assisted autologous breast reconstruction between July 2022 and August 2023. We applied a combined approach using the Symani Surgical System together with the RoboticScope. Descriptive evaluation of patient characteristics, surgical data and complications was performed. RESULTS: Average patient age was 54.3±11.1 years and average BMI was 26.5±3.5 kg/m2. Twenty-six patients received a DIEP flap and 2 patients received a PAP flap, the flaps being connected to the internal mammary artery in 22 cases, to a perforator of the internal mammary artery in 5 cases, and to a branch of the thoracodorsal artery in one case. The average incision-suture time was 267±89 min, with an average ischaemia time of 86±20 min and duration of the arterial anastomosis of 29±12 min. In two cases, immediate intraoperative anastomosis revision was performed, but no flap loss occurred. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate the safe feasibility of robot-assisted autologous breast reconstruction using a combination of Symani and RoboticScope. In the future, special attention should be paid to minimally invasive techniques of flap harvest and connecting vessel preparation.

Testicular Architecture of Men with 46,XX Testicular Disorders of Sex Development.

BACKGROUND: A subtype of disorders of sex development (DSD) in individuals with a 46,XX karyotype who are phenotypically male is classified as testicular DSD (46,XX TDSD). These individuals develop testes but are infertile due to germ cell loss. However, little is known about their testicular architecture. METHODS: We analyzed biopsies of four SRY positive 46,XX TDSD men for testicular architecture, Sertoli (SCs) and Leydig cells (LCs). These were compared with biopsies of men with normal spermatogenesis (NS, n = 4), men with Klinefelter syndrome, 47 XXY (KS, n = 4), and men with AZF deletions (AZF, n = 5). Testicular architecture was evaluated and SCs and LCs were analyzed for specific markers (SC: SOX9, DMRT1; LC: INSL3). RESULTS: A smaller number of tubules, more SOX9-negative but similar proportions of DMRT1-negative SCs were found in 46,XX TDSD compared to NS. The lower number of tubules and severe LC hyperplasia observed in 46,XX TDSD were similar to KS. CONCLUSION: Testicular architecture and marker expression of SCs and LCs in 46,XX TDSD men display unique patterns, which are discernable from chromosomal aneuploidies. Given the reduced Y-chromosomal gene content in 46,XX TDSD, the supernumerary X chromosome effects may be decisive regarding the damage on testicular composition and endocrine function.

Initial experience with the superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator (SCIP) flap for extremity reconstruction in Caucasians.

BACKGROUND: The superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator (SCIP) flap has been established in Asia to provide an excellent option for soft tissue defect coverage. The main advantage of this delicate flap is its very thin design. However, the adoption of this technique in other parts of the world has been rarely reported. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we analyzed outcomes of 32 SCIP flaps in a Caucasian patient population. The procedures were performed at our institution between March 2019 and August 2020. We present patient characteristics, surgical technique, perioperative care, and flap applications as compared to the Asian approaches. RESULTS: Patients' average BMI was 28.7. Flap anatomy and flap thickness at the superficial fascial plane differed significantly within our population. With 1.7 mm on average, the arterial diameter was higher than reported in the literature. Flaps were based on an axial perforator in 52% of cases. The SCIP flap was performed safely in the majority of cases. The surgical flap elevation approach was modified toward speedy perforator identification. CONCLUSIONS: The SCIP flap offers superior opportunities for thin soft tissue defect coverage with excellent functional outcomes in Caucasian patients. Based on higher BMI and anatomical differences as compared to Asian patient populations, modifications of flap elevation were necessary to increase reliability. More outcome reports from outside Asia need to become available to advance SCIP flap application internationally.