ABSTRACT
The ciliate Paramecium bursaria harbors several hundred symbiotic algae in its cell and is widely used as an experimental model for studying symbiosis between eukaryotic cells. Currently, various types of bacteria and eukaryotic microorganisms are used as food for culturing P. bursaria; thus, the cultivation conditions are not uniform among researchers. To unify cultivation conditions, we established cloned, unfed strains that can be cultured using only sterile medium without exogenous food. The proliferation of these unfed strains was suppressed in the presence of antibiotics, suggesting that bacteria are required for the proliferation of the unfed strains. Indeed, several kinds of bacteria, such as Burkholderiales, Rhizobiales, Rhodospirillales, and Sphingomonadales, which are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen and/or degrade chemical pollutants, were detected in the unfed strains. The genetic background of the individually cloned, unfed strains were the same, but the proliferation curves of the individual P. bursaria strains were very diverse. Therefore, we selected multiple actively and poorly proliferating individual strains and compared the bacterial composition among the individual strains using 16S rDNA sequencing. The results showed that the bacterial composition among actively proliferating P. bursaria strains was highly homologous but different to poorly proliferating strains. Using unfed strains, the cultivation conditions applied in different laboratories can be unified, and symbiosis research on P. bursaria will make great progress.
Subject(s)
Melanoma , Skin Neoplasms , Humans , Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/genetics , Melanoma/drug therapy , Melanoma/genetics , Melanoma/pathology , Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy , Skin Neoplasms/genetics , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/genetics , Mutation , Cell Line, Tumor , Membrane Proteins/genetics , GTP Phosphohydrolases/genetics , Melanoma, Cutaneous MalignantABSTRACT
Hybrids of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and metal/metal oxide (Pt, NiO/Ni(OH)2, CoO, Fe3O4) nano particle were prepared by reduction of graphene oxide (GO) and metal ion (Pt2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Fe2+) hybrids. The M-rGO hybrids (M = Pt, Ni-, Co and Fe) were justified for the transformation of glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). High glucose â 5-HMF conversion was yielded depending on the nature of the M-rGO catalyst. The Ni-rGO showed the highest 5-HMF yield. The conversion reaction tuned to the optimized state under a microwave-assisted reaction accomplished by using Ni-rGO. In such case, the conversion rate was 99% with a 5-HMF yield of 75%. In order to improve both the conversion and yield, NiGO-FD was prepared by a freeze-dry method. The NiGO-FD remarkably showed the highest conversion of 99% and 5-HMF yield of 95%. Beside the biomass transformation process, the physico-chemical strategy employed herein for multiplying the catalytic efficiency might be justified for catalyzing similar reactions.
ABSTRACT
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1039/D0RA01009J.].
ABSTRACT
The use of nanocarriers in drug delivery is a breakeven research and has received a clarion call in biomedicine globally. Herein, two newly nano-biomaterials: MCM-41 encapsulated quinine (MCM-41 â QN) (1) and 3-phenylpropyl silane functionalized MCM-41 loaded QN (pMCM-41 â QN) (2) were synthesized and well characterized. 1 and 2 along with our two already reported nano-antimalarial drugs (MCM-41 â ATS) (3) and 3-aminopropyl silane functionalized MCM-41 contained ATS (aMCM-41 â ATS) (4) were screened in vitro for their activity against P. falciparium W2 strain, cytotoxicity against BGM cells and in vivo for their activity against Plasmodium bergheiNK65. 1 has the highest antimalarial activity in vivo against P. berghei NK65, (ED50: < 0.0625 mg/kg body weight) and higher mean survival time compared to the other nano biomaterials or unencapsulated drugs at doses higher than 0.0625 mg/kg body weight. This encapsulation strategy of MCM-41 â QN (1) stands very useful and effective in delivering the drug to the target cells compared to other delivery systems and therefore, this encapsulated drug may be considered for rational drug design.
