ABSTRACT
Around 30 million children of 1 to 15 years have received the live attenuated SA 14-14-2 Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine in the campaign against JE in India from 2006 to 2007. This study aims to assess the short-term adverse events following JE vaccination as there is limited data on it in Indian children. A longitudinal study of children vaccinated in the campaign against JE in Kolar, in 2007 was undertaken. In July to August 2007, following the JE vaccination campaign in Kolar, 1640 children of 10 to 15 years were followed for four weeks. Events such as fever, pain at the injection site, cough, headache and nausea or vomiting were recorded. Surveillance was maintained on the referral hospitals for hospitalisation due to encephalitis and anaphylaxis following vaccination. The incidence of adverse events is summarised as frequencies and percentages with 95% confidence interval (CI). The analysis was performed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) 15.0 for Windows. The incidence of minor adverse events was 11.3% (95% CI 9.8-12.9%) for fever, 17% (15.2-18.8%) for pain at the injection site, 12.6% (11-14.2%) for cough, 2.6% (1.8-3.3%) for headache and 1.1% (0.6-1.6%) for nausea and/or vomiting. Severe adverse events were not observed. Mild adverse events following immunisation are common with SA14-14-2 JE vaccine. Hence the health personnel involved in JE control campaign should be aware of these adverse events.
Subject(s)
Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/adverse effects , Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Prospective Studies , Vaccines, Attenuated/adverse effectsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The worldwide prevalence of diabetes mellitus has risen dramatically in the developing countries over the past two decades. Regular screening of adults is essential for early detection and care. There are limited studies on diabetes awareness and prevalence in rural communities. Hence this prevalence and knowledge assessment study was undertaken. Such data are extremely important to plan the public health policies with specific reference to implementation of National Diabetic Control Program. AIMS: To study the prevalence and awareness of diabetes mellitus in rural areas. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Cross-sectional, household study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A study on adults and elderly age group in Tamaka village was undertaken. Structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge of diabetes and capillary blood screening tests done to detect diabetes. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: SPSS - 11 software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Ten per cent of the 311 adults screened had hyperglycemia. Half of the interviewed population had some awareness about diabetes and its symptoms. But more than half (75%) of them were not aware of the long term effects of diabetes and diabetic care. The common perception about diet in diabetes was to avoid sweets, rice and fruits and to consume more ragi, millet and wheat chapattis. Diabetes in young adults is common. Relevant knowledge about diabetes is poor in rural population. Hence community level awareness programs have to be organized. Healthcare providers must be aware of community perceptions and practices.
ABSTRACT
In ancient days, Physicians having the comprehensive knowledge of Bhaishajya Kalpana, used to prepare the drugs themselves to treat their patients. So there was no doubt in obtaining genuine drug with desired therapeutic effect. But in recent years, the growing population and their life style, industrialization etc have forced physicians to depend on market preparations. As such we find the necessity of standardization of these preparations. The quality assessments of a drug, which is a chemical irrespective of the system is possible by 'Thin Layer Chromatographic technique' using known Chemical constituents as reference standards. A herbal preparation 'Kutajarishta', has been standardized by using this technique and the significance of the findings is discussed.
ABSTRACT
The role of different types of containers and methods of preparation was studied in the case of Kutajarista. Stainless steel containers were found to be superior of vessels made of earth and wood. Addition of yeast generated more alcohol facilitating better extraction of chemicals. The significance of the findings is discussed.
