FOXO3 is essential for CD44 expression in pancreatic cancer cells.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most fatal types of cancer and the 5-year survival rate is only 5%. Several studies have suggested that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to be involved in recurrence and metastasis and so it is essential to establish an approach targeting CSCs. Here we have demonstrated that cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) suppressed CD44 expression and the properties of CSCs in PDAC. Microarray analysis suggested that cGMP inhibited Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3), which is known as a tumor suppressor. Surprisingly, our data demonstrated that FOXO3 is essential for CD44 expression and the properties of CSCs. Our data also indicated that patients with high FOXO3 activation signatures had poor prognoses. This evidence suggested that cGMP induction and FOXO3 inhibition could be ideal candidates for pancreatic CSC.

Efficacy and safety of alogliptin added to metformin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with an open-label, long-term extension study.

AIMS: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of alogliptin added to metformin versus metformin monotherapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes who achieved inadequate glycaemic control on metformin (500 or 750 mg/day) + diet/exercise. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind trial, 288 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus T2DM received either 12.5 or 25 mg alogliptin once daily + metformin or placebo + metformin for 12 weeks. Thereafter, 276 patients continued on one of the two alogliptin dosages + metformin in an open-label extension for 40 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint in the randomized, double-blind phase was the change in HbA1c from baseline (week 0) to the end of treatment (week 12). The primary endpoint during the long-term extension phase was adverse events. RESULTS: After 12 weeks both dosages of alogliptin + metformin produced significantly greater changes from baseline in HbA1c than placebo (metformin monotherapy: with changes in LS means - 0.55 and - 0.64% vs. 0.22%, respectively; p < 0.0001). Incidences of adverse effects were comparable between groups, with no increases in hypoglycaemia. Over 52 weeks, there were no safety or tolerability concerns with alogliptin when added to metformin. CONCLUSIONS: Alogliptin 12.5 and 25 mg once daily was safe and effective when added to metformin (500 or 750 mg/day) in Japanese patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes on metformin alone.

GPR40-induced insulin secretion by the novel agonist TAK-875: first clinical findings in patients with type 2 diabetes.

AIM: Free fatty acids act as signalling molecules for modulating insulin secretion, and their insulinotropic effects are glucose-dependent and mediated through G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40). This mechanism is a potential target for new treatments for managing diabetes. In this study, we present the first clinical data for TAK-875, a novel highly selective, orally bioavailable GPR40 agonist, in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes insufficiently controlled by diet or exercise therapy. METHODS: This was an exploratory phase II, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, parallel group study comparing the efficacy and tolerability of TAK-875 100 and 400 mg, and placebo, all administered once daily for 2 weeks. RESULTS: After 2 weeks of treatment, TAK-875 produced marked glucose lowering effects in a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as evidenced by mean ± SE intergroup differences in plasma glucose AUC(0-3 h) of -12.98 ± 1.48 (p < 0.0001) and -8.12 ± 1.49 mmol·h/l (p < 0.0001), for TAK-875 400 mg vs. placebo and TAK-875 100 mg vs. placebo, respectively, and 2 h plasma glucose [-4.95 ± 0.71 (p < 0.0001) and -3.21 ± 0.71 mmol/l (p < 0.0001), respectively]. This was accompanied by a significant increase in insulin AUC(0-3 h) [34.68 ± 12.16 (p < 0.01) and 31.49 ± 12.20 (p < 0 · 05) µIU·h/ml, respectively]. Improvement in glycaemic profile was mirrored by a significant change in fasting plasma glucose [-2.37 ± 0·27 (p < 0.0001) and -1.88 ± 0.27 mmol/l (p < 0.0001), respectively]. No cases of hypoglycaemia were observed despite the significant reduction in plasma glucose. CONCLUSIONS: These exploratory findings provide evidence of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic potential of the GPR40 agonist TAK-875, and the promising clinical changes support future longer term clinical investigation.

Quantitation of human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) DNA in a cord blood transplant recipient with chromosomal integration of HHV-6.

Chromosomal integration of the human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) genome (CIHHV-6) is an important consideration if HHV-6 DNA is detected during the course of transplantation. A 4-year-old girl with refractory anemia with excess blasts type-2 was diagnosed with CIHHV-6 before a cord blood transplantation. HHV-6 DNA was serially quantitated by polymerase chain reaction assay in the transplant period. The possibility of HHV-6 reactivation in a transplant recipient with CIHHV-6 was suspected in our case.

Efficacy and safety of alogliptin added to pioglitazone in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with an open-label long-term extension study.

AIM: To assess the efficacy and safety of alogliptin added to pioglitazone versus pioglitazone monotherapy, in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes who achieved inadequate glycaemic control on pioglitazone plus diet/exercise. METHODS: Patients were stabilized on pioglitazone 15 or 30 mg/day plus diet/exercise during a 16-week screening period. Patients with HbA1c of 6.9-10.4% were randomized to 12 weeks' double-blind treatment with alogliptin 12.5 or 25 mg once daily or placebo, added to their stable pioglitazone regimen. The primary endpoint was the change in HbA1c from baseline to week 12. Patients had an option to continue in a 40-week, open-label extension study, with those originally randomized to alogliptin remaining on the same dosage regimen while patients treated with placebo were randomly allocated to alogliptin 12.5 or 25 mg (added to their stable pioglitazone). RESULTS: The change from baseline in HbA1c after 12 weeks was significantly greater with alogliptin 12.5 mg added to pioglitazone and alogliptin 25 mg added to pioglitazone than with placebo added to pioglitazone (-0.91 and -0.97% vs. -0.19%; p < 0.0001). Responder rates (HbA1c <6.9% and HbA1c <6.2%) and changes in fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels showed a similar positive trend in terms of glycaemic control. The benefits seen with alogliptin were sustained during the 40-week extension period. Alogliptin added to pioglitazone was generally well tolerated; hypoglycaemia was infrequent and increases in body weight were minor. CONCLUSIONS: Once-daily alogliptin was effective and generally well tolerated when given as add-on therapy to pioglitazone in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes who achieved inadequate glycaemic control on pioglitazone plus lifestyle measures. Clinical benefits were maintained for 52 weeks.

Protein kinase C mRNA and protein expressions in hypobaric hypoxia-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats.

AIM: Protein kinase C (PKC), cloned as a serine/threonine kinase, plays key roles in diverse intracellular signalling processes and in cardiovascular remodelling during pressure overload or volume overload. We looked for correlations between changes in PKC isoforms (levels and/or subcellular distributions) and cardiac remodelling during experimental hypobaric hypoxic environment (HHE)-induced pulmonary hypertension. METHODS: To study the PKC system in the heart during HHE, 148 male Wistar rats were housed for up to 21 days in a chamber at the equivalent of 5500 m altitude level (10% O(2)). RESULTS: At 14 or more days of exposure to HHE, pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) was significantly increased. In the right ventricle (RV): (1) the expression of PKC-alpha protein in the cytosolic and membrane fractions was increased at 3-14 days and at 5-7 days of exposure respectively; (ii) the cytosolic expression of PKC-delta protein was increased at 1-5, 14 and 21 days of exposure; (3) the membrane expressions of the proteins were decreased at 14-21 (PKC-betaII), 14-21 (PKC-gamma), and 0.5-5 and 21 (PKC-epsilon) days of exposure; (4) the expression of the active form of PKC-alpha protein on the plasma membrane was increased at 3 days of exposure (based on semiquantitative analysis of the immunohistochemistry). In the left ventricle, the expressions of the PKC mRNAs, and of their cytosolic and membrane proteins, were almost unchanged. The above changes in PKC-alpha, which were strongly evident in the RV, occurred alongside the increase in PAP. CONCLUSION: PKC-alpha may help to modulate the right ventricular hypertrophy caused by pulmonary hypertension in HHE.

Osteopontin expression in normal and hypobaric hypoxia-exposed rats.

AIM: Experimental pulmonary hypertension induced in a hypobaric hypoxic environment (HHE) is characterized by structural remodelling of the heart and pulmonary arteries. Osteopontin (OPN) has emerged as a key factor in cardiovascular remodelling in response to pressure or volume overload. We studied the possible effects of HHE on the OPN synthesis system. METHODS: One hundred and forty-eight male Wistar rats were housed in a chamber with conditions equivalent of an altitude of 5500 m for up to 21 days. RESULTS: Plasma OPN protein level was found to be significantly decreased on day 0.5 of exposure to HHE, as was the level in the adrenal gland (which secreted highest levels of OPN protein). In the right ventricle of the heart (mRNA) and the lung (protein), OPN expression was found to be significantly increased only on day 1 and day 5, respectively, of exposure to HHE. By immunohistochemistry, the distribution and intensity of OPN protein in several organs were found to alter during exposure to HHE. However, these changes in OPN synthesis did not coincide with the moderate increase in pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) (maximal mean PAP, 24.5 mmHg) during HHE. CONCLUSION: Pulmonary hypertension in HHE with conditions equivalent of an altitude of 5500 m may induce little or no OPN in heart and lung. Sustained induction may require a more severe PAP overload.

Expression of telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT) mRNA does not predict survival in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract.

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that synthesizes telomeric repeats onto chromosomal ends using a segment of its RNA component as a template. Its activity has become an established indicator of the diagnosis, biological behavior, and prognosis of several tumors. However, few studies have investigated the diagnostic and prognostic importance of the expression of telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT) mRNA in transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract (TCC-UUT). We investigated the expression of hTERT mRNA using in situ hybridization in 125 cases of TCC-UUT, and also its relation with the expression of telomerase RNA component (hTERC), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoreactivity, clinicopathologic parameters, and clinical outcome. A positive expression of hTERT mRNA was recognized in 93.6% of the samples and was apparent within the cytoplasm of tumor cells. In the normal urothelium examined in a few cases, its expression was barely detected. hTERT mRNA scores showed a significant association with hTERC score. However, no relationship was found between the expression of hTERT mRNA and clinicopathologic findings, PCNA index, or prognosis. These results suggest that the expression of hTERT mRNA does not predict prognosis in TCC-UUT.

Telomerase activity and expression of human telomerase RNA component and human telomerase reverse transcriptase in lung carcinomas.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of determination of telomerase activity and expression of human telomerase RNA component (hTERC) and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) for the diagnosis of lung carcinomas. The tissues studied consisted of 115 carcinomas and adjacent nonneoplastic lung, which were removed surgically without previous chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Telomerase activity was determined using a semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction-based telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay. The results obtained were classified into high and low telomerase groups. Localization of expression was examined by using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. The correlation between telomerase activity in lung carcinoma and clinicopathologic features, including prognosis, was investigated. Telomerase activity in lung carcinomas was detected in 107 of 115 (93%) lung carcinomas, but not in any adjacent noncancerous tissues, and was significantly higher in small cell carcinoma than in any other histologic type. This activity also was significantly higher in poorly differentiated than in well-differentiated squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. The overall survival rate (P =.020) was significantly lower in the high telomerase group. Messenger RNAs for hTERC and hTERT were mainly detected in the cytoplasm of cancer cells by in situ hybridization, and TERT protein was localized in the nuclei of these cells by immunohistochemical staining. Determinations of telomerase activity by in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and TRAP assay are useful for evaluating the diagnosis and prognosis of lung carcinomas.

Expression and adhesive ability of gicerin, a cell adhesion molecule, in the pock lesions of chorioallantoic membranes infected with an avian poxvirus.

The expression and adhesive activities of gicerin, a cell adhesion protein, in the pock lesions on chicken chorioallantoic membranes (CAM) infected with an avian poxvirus were studied. In normal CAMs, gicerin was found on the flattened epithelial cells, and neurite outgrowth factor (NOF) was in the basement membrane. However, in the pock lesions on infected CAMs, gicerin was overexpressed on the cell membranes of hyperplastic epithelial cells forming thick epithelial layers. Neurite outgrowth factor was also found mainly in the basement membrane, but occasionally showed aberrant expression among hyperplastic cells. In vitro analyses, using the dissociated cells from pock lesions, demonstrated that an anti-gicerin polyclonal antibody inhibit cell aggregation activity and cell adhesion to NOF. These results suggest that gicerin might promote the cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix protein bindings of the hyperplastic epithelial cells by its homophilic and heterophilic adhesive activities, and contribute to pock formation on the infected CAMs.

[Significance of exercise-induced ST segment depression in patients with myocardial infarction involving the left circumflex artery: evaluation by exercise thallium-201 myocardial single photon emission computed tomography].

The significance of exercise-induced ST segment depression in patients with left circumflex artery involvement was investigated by comparing exercise electrocardiography with exercise thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography(Tl-SPECT) and the wall motion estimated by left ventriculography. Tl-SPECT and exercise electrocardiography were simultaneously performed in 51 patients with left circumflex artery involvement(angina pectoris 30, myocardial infarction 21). In patients with myocardial infarction, exercise-induced ST depression was frequently found in the V2, V3 and V4 leads. In patients with angina pectoris, ST depression was frequently found in the II, III, aVF, V5 and V6 leads. There was no obvious difference in the leads of ST depression in patients with myocardial infarction with ischemia and without ischemia on Tl-SPECT images. In patients with myocardial infarction, the lateral wall motion of the infarcted area evaluated by left ventriculography was more significantly impaired in the patients with ST depression than without ST depression(p < 0.01). Exercise-induced ST depression in the precordial leads possibly reflects wall motion abnormality rather than ischemia in the lateral infarcted myocardium.

Selective inhibition of hepatoma cells using diphtheria toxin A under the control of the promoter/enhancer region of the human alpha-fetoprotein gene.

We constructed a plasmid containing human alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) promoter/enhancer to direct the cell type-specific expression of diphtheria toxin fragment A (DTA), designated as pAF-DTA, to AFP-producing hepatocellular carcinoma cells. The transfection was carried out with cationic liposomes (DMRIE-C) and the expression of the DTA gene was confirmed by a northern blot analysis. When pAF-DTA was transfected, the growth of AFP-positive HuH-7 cells was inhibited, whereas growth inhibition was not observed in AFP-negative MKN45 cells. In this experiment, the secretion of AFP was similarly suppressed, but the secretion of carcinoembryonic antigen from MKN45 was not altered. pAF-DTA could also exert its growth inhibitory effect on PLC, a cell line with a low level of AFP. However, no inhibitory effect of pAF-DTA was observed on the proliferation of primary hepatocyte cells. Furthermore, transfection experiments in which HuH-7 and splenic stromal cells were co-cultured revealed the growth inhibition by pAF-DTA to be selective in HuH-7 cells. Finally, the growth of HuH-7 transplanted on BALB/c nu/nu mice was inhibited by the direct injection of pAF-DTA/liposome complex into a tumor mass. These results suggest that use of pAF-DTA may be potentially useful as a novel approach for the selective treatment of tumor cells producing AFP even at low levels, without affecting other types of cells.

Characterization of the human nebulette gene: a polymorphism in an actin-binding motif is associated with nonfamilial idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) is characterized by a thin-walled heart with systolic dysfunction of unknown etiology. Because abnormalities in genes for cytoskeletal proteins related to Z-disc function have recently been reported to cause IDC, genomic organization of the gene for nebulette, a novel actin-binding Z-disc protein, was determined and its sequence variations were searched for in Japanese patients with IDC and healthy controls. The nebulette gene consists of 28 exons, and four sequence variations leading to amino acid replacement (Gln187His, Met351Val, Asn654Lys, and Thr728Ala) were identified in the patients. These variations were also found in the healthy controls and hence they were polymorphisms and not disease-specific mutations. Frequencies of Gln187His, Met351Val, and Thr728Ala variants were similar in the patients and controls. However, the frequency of homozygotes for Lys at codon 654, a variant at a relatively conserved residue in an actinbinding motif, was significantly increased in nonfamilial IDC patients (n=106) as compared with healthy control subjects (n=331) (7.54% vs 1.21%, OR=6.25, P=0.002, 95% CI=1.92-20.29), while this association was not found in familial IDC patients (n=24). These observations suggest that the nebulette polymorphism in the actin-binding motif was a novel genetic marker of susceptibility to nonfamilial IDC.

Expression of telomerase mRNA component (hTR) in transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract.

BACKGROUND: Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that synthesizes telomeric repeats onto chromosomal ends using a segment of its RNA component as a template. Its activity has become an established indicator of the diagnosis, biologic behavior, and prognosis of several tumors. However, to the authors' knowledge, no previous study has investigated the diagnostic and prognostic importance of the expression of telomerase RNA component (hTR) in transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract (TCC-UUT). METHODS: The authors investigated hTR expression using in situ hybridization in 130 cases of TCC-UUT, and also its relation to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoreactivity, immunoreactivity for p53 oncoprotein, clinicopathologic parameters, and clinical outcome. RESULTS: Positive hTR expression was recognized in 98.4% of the samples and was apparent within the cytoplasm of tumor cells. In normal urothelium, its expression was restricted to the basal cell layers, whereas in the dysplastic lesions of TCC-UUT it was detected with the same intensity and distribution as in the tumor itself. No correlation was found between hTR expression and clinicopathologic findings, PCNA index, or the expression of p53 oncoprotein, although hTR score did tend to increase with disease stage. In univariate and multivariate analyses of disease free and overall survival rates, high hTR expression was associated with significant decreases in both rates. CONCLUSIONS: The expression of hTR appears to be a useful indicator of prognosis for patients with TCC-UUT. In addition, evidence of up-regulation of hTR may also be useful in the diagnosis of this disease.

Polymorphisms in the SOD2 and HLA-DRB1 genes are associated with nonfamilial idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in Japanese.

To reveal genetic risk factors of nonfamilial idiopathic cardiomyopathy (IDC) in Japanese, polymorphisms in the SOD2 and HLA-DRB1 genes were investigated in 86 patients and 380 healthy controls. There was a significant excess of homozygotes for the V allele [Val versus Ala (A allele), a polymorphism in the leader peptide of manganese superoxide dismutase at position 16] of the SOD2 gene in the patients compared with the controls (87.2% versus 74.7%, odds ratio = 2.30, p = 0.013, pc < 0.03), and a significant increase in the frequency of HLA-DRB1*1401 in the patients was confirmed (14.0% vs 4.5%, odds ratio = 3.46, p = 0.001, pc < 0.03). A two-locus analysis suggested that these two genetic markers (SOD2-VV genotype and DRB1*1401) may play a synergistic role in controlling the susceptibility to nonfamilial IDC. In addition, processing efficiency of Val-type SOD2 leader peptide in the presence of mitochondria was siginificantly lower than that of the Ala-type by 11 +/- 4%, suggesting that this lower processing efficiency was in part an underlying mechanism of the association between the SOD2-VV genotype and nonfamilial IDC.

Formation of Nepsilon-(hexanonyl)lysine in protein exposed to lipid hydroperoxide. A plausible marker for lipid hydroperoxide-derived protein modification.

The objectives of this study were to estimate the structure of the lipid hydroperoxide-modified lysine residue and to prove the presence of the adducts in vivo. The reaction of lipid hydroperoxide toward the lysine moiety was investigated employing N-benzoyl-glycyl-L-lysine (Bz-Gly-Lys) as a model compound of Lys residues in protein and 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HPODE) as a model of the lipid hydroperoxides. One of the products, compound X, was isolated from the reaction mixture of 13-HPODE and Bz-Gly-Lys and was then identified as N-benzoyl-glycyl-Nepsilon-(hexanonyl)lysine. To prove the formation of Nepsilon-(hexanonyl)lysine, named HEL, in protein exposed to the lipid hydroperoxide, the antibody to the synthetic hexanonyl protein was prepared and then characterized in detail. Using the anti-HEL antibody, the presence of HEL in the lipid hydroperoxide-modified proteins and oxidized LDL was confirmed. Furthermore, the positive staining by anti-HEL antibody was observed in human atherosclerotic lesions using an immunohistochemical technique. The amide-type adduct may be a useful marker for the lipid hydroperoxide-derived modification of biomolecules.

Argyrophilic nucleolar-organizer region counts and DNA status in bronchioloalveolar epithelial hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of the lung.

Few studies have investigated more than one cell-biological parameter in bronchioloalveolar epithelial hyperplasia (BEH) and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC). The authors have examined argyrophilic nucleolar-organizer regions (AgNORs) and DNA status in surgically resected formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens, 27 BEH and 62 well-differentiated adenocarcinomas, including 30 BAC. The authors measured the mean AgNOR count in 200 nuclei from sections of these regions. The authors also quantified DNA distribution in more than 200 cancer cells from sections of these regions, stained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, using a microspectrophotometer. Fourteen lesions were interpreted as atypical BEH. The mean number of AgNORs per nucleus in BEH was 1.25 to 2.63. The mean number of AgNORs was significantly lower in both typical and atypical BEH than in either the bronchial surface epithelial type or the bronchial gland cell type of well-differentiated adenocarcinoma (P < .05). The mean number of AgNORs in atypical BEH was intermediate between that in typical BEH and that in BAC. Quantitative DNA image analysis showed DNA aneuploidy in 2 of 18 BEHs and 18 of 52 well-differentiated adenocarcinomas. The incidence of DNA aneuploidy increased in this order: typical BEH (0%, none out of 10 lesions) through atypical BEH (25.0%, 2 out of 8 lesions), to adenocarcinoma (34.6%, 18 out of 52 cases). Thus, the incidence of DNA aneuploidy in atypical BEH (25.0%) was intermediate between typical BEH (0%) and BAC (30.0%). These results suggest that atypical BEH may be closely related to BAC.

MICA gene polymorphism in Takayasu's arteritis and Buerger's disease.

To further clarify the HLA-linked genes susceptible to arterio-vasculitis of unknown etiology, Takayasu's arteritis and Buerger's disease, polymorphism in the MICA gene, a newly identified gene near the HLA-B gene and expressed in epithelial cell lineage, was investigated. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-DNA conformation polymorphism (DCP) analysis and subsequent sequencing of the MICA gene have revealed that there are 5 MICA alleles which are different in the number of a GCT repeat in exon 5: MICA alleles MICA-1.1, -1.2, -1.3 and -1.4 have 9, 6, 5 and 4 GCT repeats, respectively, and MICA-1.5 has 5 GCT repeats with a 1 bp frameshift insertion in the repeat. MICA genotyping data in 81 Japanese patients with Takayasu's arteritis, 38 Japanese patients with Buerger's disease, and 160 healthy Japanese controls showed that MICA-1.2 and -1.4 were significantly associated with Takayasu's arteritis and Buerger's disease, respectively. Because MICA-1.2 and -1.4 were in strong linkage disequilibria with HLA-B52 and -B54 in the Japanese populations, respectively, we have compared the odds ratio (OR) of the risk to the diseases for individuals having both or each of the disease-associated MICA and HLA-B alleles. It was found that MICA-1.2 gave a significantly high OR of risk to Takayasu's arteritis in the absence of HLA-B52, suggesting that the HLA-linked gene susceptible to Takayasu's arteritis is mapped near the MICA gene. In contrast, MICA-1.4 gave a significantly high OR of risk to Buerger's disease only in the presence of HLA-B54, suggesting that the HLA-linked gene susceptible to Buerger's disease is linked to the HLA-B54-MICA-1.4 haplotype, and may be differently mapped from that to Takayasu's arteritis.

Expression in lung carcinomas of platelet-derived growth factor and its receptors.

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is synthesized and secreted by mesenchymal cells. We used immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization to determine whether immunoreactivity for PDGF and PDGF receptor (PDGF-R) might be a prognostic indicator in lung carcinoma. We compared these results with those of immunohistochemistry for anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (anti-PCNA). Indirect immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were performed for PDGF B-chain, PDGF-R beta and PCNA antibodies, and PDGF B mRNA on frozen, paraffin-embedded sections of 92 surgically resected lung carcinomas (39 squamous cell carcinomas, 47 adenocarcinomas, 2 large-cell carcinomas, 2 adenosquamous carcinomas, and 2 double carcinomas). Clinicopathologic data (sex, age, stage, survival period, histologic type, and degree of cell differentiation) were evaluated using a statistical analysis system. PDGF reactivity was positive in tumor cell cytoplasm in some cases of squamous cell carcinoma (64%) and adenocarcinoma (55%) and in all cases of large-cell carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, and double carcinoma. PDGF-R reactivity was detected only in tumor stroma. Positive PDGF staining was associated with a poor prognosis in patients with lung carcinoma, independent of age, sex, stage, and degree of cell differentiation (risk ratio = 2.53, p = 0.03). PDGF B mRNA was detected in 100% of PDGF-positive squamous cell carcinomas and in 85% of adenocarcinomas. There was no correlation between PDGF expression and PCNA index in lung carcinomas. Together, these results suggest that immunohistochemistry for PDGF B-chain may predict the outcome for lung carcinoma patients.