ABSTRACT
"Soft pancreas" has often been reported as a predictive factor for postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) after pancreatectomy. However, pancreatic stiffness is judged subjectively by surgeons, without objective criteria. In the present study, pancreatic stiffness was quantified using intraoperative ultrasound elastography, and its relevance to POPF and histopathology was investigated. Forty-one patients (pancreatoduodenectomy, 30; distal pancreatectomy, 11) who underwent intraoperative elastography during pancreatectomy were included. The elastic ratio was determined at the pancreatic resection site (just above the portal vein) and at the remnant pancreas (head or tail). Correlations between the incidence of POPF and patient characteristics, operative variables, and the elastic ratio were examined. In addition, the relationship between the elastic ratio and the percentage of the exocrine gland at the resection stump was investigated. For pancreatoduodenectomy patients, main pancreatic duct diameter < 3.2 mm and elastic ratio < 2.09 were significant risk factors for POPF. In addition, the elastic ratio, but not main pancreatic duct diameter, was significantly associated with the percentage of exocrine gland area at the pancreatic resection stump. Pancreatic stiffness can be quantified using intraoperative elastography. Elastography can be used to diagnose "soft pancreas" and may thus be useful in predicting the occurrence of POPF.
Subject(s)
Elasticity Imaging Techniques , Intraoperative Care , Pancreas/diagnostic imaging , Pancreatectomy , Pancreatic Fistula/etiology , Pancreaticoduodenectomy , Postoperative Complications/etiology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Decision Support Techniques , Female , Humans , Incidence , Male , Middle Aged , Pancreas/pathology , Pancreatic Fistula/diagnosis , Pancreatic Fistula/epidemiology , Postoperative Complications/diagnosis , Postoperative Complications/epidemiology , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Although impaired glucose tolerance is common in cirrhosis, this condition's pathogenesis remains undefined. This study aimed to clarify pathogenesis related to the pancreas in cirrhotic patients, and to evaluate associations between insulin secretion and pancreatic congestion due to portal hypertension. METHODS: Pancreatic perfusion parameters were analyzed by dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CE-US) in 41 patients (20 cirrhotic, 21 non-cirrhotic; age, 67.9 ± 13.3; female, 19), and prospectively compared to delta C-peptide immunoreactivity (ΔCPR). In a separate study, a retrospective chart review with human autopsy specimens was conducted, and vessels and islets of the pancreas were analyzed in 43 patients (20 cirrhotic, 23 controls; age, 71.5 ± 11.6; female, 15). RESULTS: In the CE-US study, the clinical characteristics indicative of portal hypertension (e.g., ascites and varices) had significantly higher incidences in the cirrhotic group than in the control group. Pancreatic drainage times were greater in the cirrhotic group (p < 0.0001), and had a significant negative correlation with ΔCPR (R = 0.42, p = 0.0069). In the histopathological study, the islets were enlarged in the cirrhotic group (p < 0.0001). However, the percentage of insulin-positive area per islet was decreased in the cirrhotic group (p < 0.0001), and had a significant negative correlation with the wall thickness of the pancreatic vein (R = 0.63, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Pancreatic congestion was present in cirrhotic patients. Moreover, pancreatic congestion and insulin secretion were significantly correlated. This pathogenesis could be a key factor underlying the development of hepatogenous diabetes in cirrhotic patients.
