ABSTRACT
In organized tissues, the precise geometry and the overall shape are critical for the specialized functions that the cells carry out. Odontoblasts are major matrix-producing cells of the tooth and have also been suggested to participate in sensory transmission. However, refined morphologic data on these important cells are limited, which hampers the analysis and understanding of their cellular functions. We took advantage of fluorescent color-coding genetic tracing to visualize and reconstruct in 3 dimensions single odontoblasts, pulp cells, and their assemblages. Our results show distinct structural features and compartments of odontoblasts at different stages of maturation, with regard to overall cellular shape, formation of the main process, orientation, and matrix deposition. We demonstrate previously unanticipated contacts between the processes of pulp cells and odontoblasts. All reported data are related to mouse incisor tooth. We also show that odontoblasts express TRPM5 and Piezo2 ion channels. Piezo2 is expressed ubiquitously, while TRPM5 is asymmetrically distributed with distinct localization to regions proximal to and within odontoblast processes.
Subject(s)
Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods , Odontoblasts/cytology , Ameloblasts/cytology , Ameloblasts/ultrastructure , Animals , Cell Compartmentation , Cell Nucleus/ultrastructure , Cell Shape , Cell Surface Extensions/ultrastructure , Dental Pulp/cytology , Dental Pulp/ultrastructure , Dentin/ultrastructure , Extracellular Matrix/ultrastructure , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Incisor/cytology , Incisor/ultrastructure , Ion Channels/ultrastructure , Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology , Mesenchymal Stem Cells/ultrastructure , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning/methods , Odontoblasts/ultrastructure , TRPM Cation Channels/ultrastructureABSTRACT
Magnetic vortices are characterized by the sense of in-plane magnetization circulation and by the polarity of the vortex core. With each having two possible states, there are four possible stable magnetization configurations that can be utilized for a multibit memory cell. Dynamic control of vortex core polarity has been demonstrated using both alternating and pulsed magnetic fields and currents. Here, we show controlled dynamic switching of spin circulation in vortices using nanosecond field pulses by imaging the process with full-field soft X-ray transmission microscopy. The dynamic reversal process is controlled by far-from-equilibrium gyrotropic precession of the vortex core, and the reversal is achieved at significantly reduced field amplitudes when compared with static switching. We further show that both the field pulse amplitude and duration required for efficient circulation reversal can be controlled by appropriate selection of the disk geometry.