Rapid resistance detection is reliable for prompt adaptation of isoniazid resistant tuberculosis management.

Objectives: Appropriate tuberculosis (TB) management requires anti-TB drugs resistance detection. We assessed the performance of rapid resistance detection assays and their impact on treatment adaptation, focusing on isoniazid resistant (Hr) TB. Methods: From 2016 to 2022, all TB cases enrolled in 3 hospitals were reviewed for phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (p-DST) and genotypic DST (g-DST) performed by rapid molecular testing, and next generation sequencing (NGS). Clinical characteristics, treatment and outcome were collected for Hr-TB patients. The concordance between g-DST and p-DST results, and delay between treatment initiation and results of g-DST and p-DST were respectively recorded to assess the contribution of DST results on Hr-TB management. Results: Among 654 TB cases enrolled, 29 were Hr-TB. Concordance between g-DST by rapid molecular methods and p-DST was 76.9 %, whilst concordance between NGS-based g-DST and p-DST was 98.7 %. Rapid resistance detection significantly fastened Hr-TB treatment adaptation (median delay between g-DST results and treatment modification was 6 days). It consisted in fluoroquinolone implementation for 17/23 patients; outcome was favourable except for 2 patients who died before DST reporting. Conclusion: Rapid resistance detection fastened treatment adaptation. Also, NGS-based g-DST showed almost perfect concordance with p-DST, thus providing rapid and safe culture-free DST alternative.

Retrospective and prospective evaluation of the FluoroType®-Mycobacteria VER 1.0 assay for the identification of mycobacteria from cultures in a French center.

PURPOSE: Rapid, reliable identification of mycobacteria from positive cultures is essential for patient management, particularly for the differential diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a new "In-Vitro-Diagnostic"-certified PCR kit, FluoroType®-Mycobacteria VER 1.0 (Hain Lifescience GmbH) for NTM and MTBC identification from cultures. METHODS: Mycobacteria identification isolated from positive cultures during routine practice at the Lyon university hospital mycobacteria laboratory obtained by hsp65 amplification/sequencing were compared retrospectively and prospectively to those obtained by and the FluoroType®-Mycobacteria VER 1.0 kit. RESULTS: The overall agreement between hsp65 amplification/sequencing and the FluoroType®-Mycobacteria VER 1.0 kit was 88.4% (84/95); 91.2% (52/57) for the retrospective period and 84.2% (32/38) for the prospective period. There were 9 (9.5%) minor discrepancies (species in the FluoroType®-Mycobacteria VER 1.0 database and identified at genus level): 4 during the retrospective period, 5 during the prospective period; and 2 (2.1%) major discrepancies (species in the FluoroType®-Mycobacteria VER 1.0 database and identified incorrectly to species level): 1 during the retrospective period (M. kumamotonense identified as M. abscessus subsp massiliense by the kit) and 1 during the prospective period (M. chimaera identified as M. smegmatis by the kit). Including concordant results at genus level and minor discrepancies, 17.9% (17/95) of strains were identified as Mycobacterium sp. by the FluoroType®-Mycobacteria-VER 1.0 kit. CONCLUSION: The good performance of the FluoroType®-Mycobacteria-VER 1.0 kit with few major discrepancies could enable its use for first-line identification of positive mycobacteria cultures. However, an alternative identification method at least for reference laboratories is needed owing to the non-negligible proportion of NTM strains were identified at genus level.

Biochemical and structural characterization of a class A ß-lactamase from Nocardia cyriacigeorgica.

Nocardia are Gram-positive bacteria from the Actinobacteria phylum. Some Nocardia species can infect humans and are usually considered to be opportunist pathogens, as they often infect immunocompromised patients. Although their clinical incidence is low, many Nocardia species are now considered to be emerging pathogens. Primary sites of infection by Nocardia are the skin or the lungs, but dissemination to other body parts is very frequent. These disseminated infections are very difficult to treat and thus are tackled with multiple classes of antibiotics, in addition to the traditional treatment targeting the folate pathway. ß-Lactams are often included in the regimen, but many Nocardia species present moderate or strong resistance to some members of this drug class. Genomic, microbiological and biochemical studies have reported the presence of class A ß-lactamases (ABLs) in a handful of Nocardia species, but no structural investigation of Nocardia ß-lactamases has yet been performed. In this study, the expression, purification and preliminary biochemical characterization of an ABL from an N. cyriacigeorgica (NCY-1) clinical strain are reported. The crystallization and the very high resolution crystal structure of NCY-1 are also described. The sequence and structural analysis of the protein demonstrate that NCY-1 belongs to the class A1 ß-lactamases and show its very high conservation with ABLs from other human-pathogenic Nocardia. In addition, the presence of one molecule of citrate tightly bound in the catalytic site of the enzyme is described. This structure may provide a solid basis for future drug development to specifically target Nocardia spp. ß-lactamases.

Rapid, Easy, and Reliable Identification of Nocardia sp. by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry, VITEK®-MS IVD V3.2 Database, Using Direct Deposit.

The reference methods for Nocardia identification are based on gene sequencing. These methods are time-consuming and not accessible for all laboratories. Conversely, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry is easy to use and widely available in clinical laboratories, but for Nocardia identification, the VITEK®-MS manufacturer recommends a tedious step of colony preparation that is difficult to integrate into a laboratory workflow. This study aimed to evaluate Nocardia identification by MALDI-TOF VITEK®-MS using direct deposit with the VITEK®-PICKMETM pen and a formic acid-based protein extraction directly onto the bacterial smear on a 134 isolates collection; this identification was compared to the results from molecular reference methods. For 81.3% of the isolates, VITEK®-MS delivered an interpretable result. The overall agreement with the reference method was 78.4%. Taking only the species included in the VITEK®-MS in vitro diagnostic V3.2 database into account, the overall agreement was significantly higher, 93.7%. VITEK®-MS rarely misidentified isolates (4/134, 3%). Among the 25 isolates that produced no result with the VITEK®-MS, 18 were expected, as Nocardia species were not included in the VITEK®-MS V3.2 database. A rapid and reliable Nocardia identification using direct deposit by VITEK®-MS is possible by combining the use of the VITEK®-PICKMETM pen and a formic acid-based protein extractiondirectly onto the bacterial smear.

Development, Evaluation, and Implementation of a House-Made Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing Spoligotyping in a French Laboratory.

Epidemiological studies investigating transmission chains of tuberculosis are undertaken worldwide to tackle its spread. CRISPR locus diversity, called spoligotyping, is a widely used genotyping assay for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) characterization. Herein, we developed a house-made targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS) spoligotyping, and compared its outputs with those of membrane-based spoligotyping. A total of 144 clinical MTBC strains were retrospectively selected to be representative of the local epidemiology. Data analysis of a training set allowed for the setting of "presence"/"absence" thresholds for each spacer to maximize the sensibility and specificity related to the membrane-based spoligotyping. The thresholds above, in which the spacer was considered present, were 50 read per millions for spacers 10 and 14, 20,000 for spacers 20, 21, and 31, and 1000 for the other spacers. The confirmation of these thresholds was performed using a validation set. The overall agreement on the training and validation sets was 97.5% and 93.8%, respectively. The discrepancies concerned six strains: Two for spacer 14, two for spacer 31, and two for spacer 32. The tNGS spoligotyping, whose thresholds were finely-tuned during a careful bioinformatics pipeline development process, appears be a technique that is reliable, inexpensive, free of handling errors, and automatable through automatic transfer into the laboratory computer system.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis genetic features associated with pulmonary tuberculosis severity.

OBJECTIVES: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections result in a wide spectrum of clinical presentations but without proven Mtb genetic determinants. Herein, we hypothesized that the genetic features of Mtb clinical isolates, such as specific polymorphisms or microdiversity, may be linked to tuberculosis (TB) severity. METHODS: A total of 234 patients with pulmonary TB (including 193 drug-susceptible and 14 monoresistant cases diagnosed between 2017 and 2020 and 27 multidrug-resistant cases diagnosed between 2010 and 2020) were stratified according to TB disease severity, and Mtb genetic features were explored using whole genome sequencing, including heterologous single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), calling to explore microdiversity. Finally, we performed a structural equation modeling analysis to relate TB severity to Mtb genetic features. RESULTS: The clinical isolates from patients with mild TB carried mutations in genes associated with host-pathogen interaction, whereas those from patients with moderate/severe TB carried mutations associated with regulatory mechanisms. Genome-wide association study identified an SNP in the promoter of the gene coding for the virulence regulator espR, statistically associated with moderate/severe disease. Structural equation modeling and model comparisons indicated that TB severity was associated with the detection of Mtb microdiversity within clinical isolates and to the espR SNP. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these results provide a new insight to better understand TB pathophysiology and could provide a new prognosis tool for pulmonary TB severity.

Prognosis and factors associated with disseminated nocardiosis: a ten-year multicenter study.

OBJECTIVES: Nocardiosis is a rare opportunistic infection that is frequently associated with dissemination (i.e. involvement of several body sites). Identifying the factors associated with Nocardia spp. dissemination may help improving the management of patients with nocardiosis. METHODS: This 10-year (2010-2020) retrospective multicenter cohort study included adult patients with Nocardia-confirmed infections. The first objective was to determine the factors associated with disseminated nocardiosis. The secondary endpoints were to determine and compare the management and the 12-month overall mortality in patients with localized and disseminated nocardiosis. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used. RESULTS: Nocardia spp. infection was confirmed in 110 patients, of whom 38 (34.5%) had disseminated nocardiosis. In univariate analysis, the factors associated with dissemination were immunosuppressive conditions: having an auto-immune disease and receiving high-dose corticosteroid (31.5% vs 8.3%, P = 0.003 and 52.6% vs 26.3%, P = 0.007, respectively). Absolute lymphocyte count <1 G/L at diagnosis was the only biomarker associated with dissemination (57.2% vs 26.3%, P = 0.007). Nocardia farcinica was not only the most frequent species identified in patient specimens (n = 22, 20%) but was also associated with a higher rate of dissemination (36.8% vs 11.1%, P = 0.002). Multivariate analysis confirmed the association between auto-immune diseases, lymphopenia, N. farcinica species and the higher rate of dissemination. Even though patients with disseminated nocardiosis were treated longer and more often with an antibiotic combination therapy, their 12-month overall mortality was significantly higher than that of patients with localized nocardiosis (36.8% vs 18%). CONCLUSIONS: Dissemination of Nocardia spp. is favoured by auto-immune diseases, lymphopenia, and infection with N. farcinica.

Consistency of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Spoligotyping between the Membrane-Based Method and In Silico Approach.

To tackle the spread of tuberculosis (TB), epidemiological studies are undertaken worldwide to investigate TB transmission chains. Clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) locus diversity, also called spoligotyping, is a widely used genotyping assay for the characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). We compared herein the spoligotyping of MTBC clinical isolates using a membrane-based method (following an initial PCR step) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS)-based method (i.e., in silico spoligotyping). All MTBC strains isolated at the Lyon University Hospital, France, between November 2016 and December 2020 were included (n = 597). Spoligotyping profiles were also used for species identification among the MTBC. Outputs of both methods were analyzed, and discrepant results were investigated thanks to CRISPRbuilder-TB. The overall agreement was 85.7%. Spacer discrepancies observed between the methods were due to the insertion of IS6110 within the direct repeat (DR) sequence upstream or downstream of spacers, mutated DR sequences, or truncated spacers. Discrepancies did not impact species identification. Although spoligotyping-based species identification was inconclusive for 29 isolates, SNP-based phylogeny conducted after WGS allowed the identification of 23 M. tuberculosis (Mtb), 2 M. canettii, and 4 mixed MTBC infections. WGS yielded very few discrepancies compared to membrane-based spoligotyping. Overall agreement was significantly improved (92.4%) by the CRISPR locus reconstruction using CRISPRbuilder-TB for the MTBC isolates with the shared international type 53 in silico spoligotyping. A smooth transition from the membrane-based to the in silico-based genotyping of M. tuberculosis isolates is, therefore, possible for TB diagnosis and epidemiologic survey. IMPORTANCE Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has profoundly transformed the perspectives of tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis, providing a better discriminatory power to determine relatedness between Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) isolates. Previous genotyping approaches, such as spoligotyping consisting of an initial PCR step followed by reverse dot hybridization, are currently being replaced by WGS. Several pipelines have been developed to extract a spoligotype from WGS data (in silico spoligotyping) allowing for the continuity of MTBC molecular surveys before and after WGS implementation. The present study found very good overall agreement between hybridization to membrane-based spoligotyping and in silico spoligotyping, indicating the possibility of a smooth transition from the traditional to the in silico-based genotyping of MTBC isolates for TB diagnosis and epidemiological survey.

Sub-Inhibitory Concentrations of Oxacillin, but Not Clindamycin, Linezolid, or Tigecycline, Decrease Staphylococcal Phenol-Soluble Modulin Expression in Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is a major human pathogen producing virulence factors, such as Panton-Valentine-leucocidin (PVL), alpha-hemolysin (Hla), and phenol-soluble-modulins alpha (PSMα), including delta-hemolysin (Hld). Unlike oxacillin, clindamycin and linezolid subinhibitory concentrations (sub-MIC) display an anti-toxin effect on PVL and Hla expression. Few studies have investigated PSMα and Hld expression modulation by antibiotics. Herein, we assessed the effect of antibiotic sub-MIC on PSMα1 and Hld expression for 4 community-acquired methicillin-resistant SA (CA-MRSA), 2 strains belonging to USASA300 and 2 strains belonging to ST80 European clone. SA were grown under oxacillin, clindamycin, linezolid, or tigecycline. After incubation, culture pellets were used for the determination of psmα1, pmtB, pmtR mRNA, and RNAIII levels by relative quantitative RT-PCR. PSMα1 and Hld expressions were measured in supernatant using high-performance-liquid-chromatography coupled to mass-spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Oxacillin sub-MIC reduced PSMα1 and Hld production, partially related to mRNA variations. For other antibiotics, effects on toxin expression were strain or clone dependent. Antibiotic effect on mRNA did not always reflect protein expression modulation. Variations of pmtB, pmtR mRNA, and RNAIII levels were insufficient to explain toxin expression modulation. Altogether, these data indicate that PSMα and Hld expressions are modulated by antibiotics (potential anti-toxin effect of oxacillin) differently compared to PVL and Hla. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcal toxins play an important role in the physiopathology of staphylococcal infections. Subinhibitory concentrations (sub-MIC) of antibiotics modulate in vitro toxins expression in S. aureus: clindamycin (CLI) and linezolid (LIN) display an anti-toxin effect on Panton-Valentine leucocidin and alpha-hemolysin production, while oxacillin (OXA) has an inducing effect. Few studies have focused on the modulation of phenol-soluble modulins alpha (PSMα) including delta-hemolysin expression by sub-MIC antibiotics. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of sub-MIC antibiotics on the expression of PSMα toxins for 4 community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) clinical isolates. The data presented herein confirm that OXA sub-MICs constantly inhibit PSMα production for CA-MRSA. Certain strains of S. aureus are highly sensitive to sub-MICs of protein synthesis inhibitory agents, resulting in an important increase of mRNA levels to overcome the intrinsic ribosome blockage ability of these antibiotics, eventually translating in increased expression of toxins.

Rifampicin exposure reveals within-host Mycobacterium tuberculosis diversity in patients with delayed culture conversion.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) genetic micro-diversity in clinical isolates may underline mycobacterial adaptation to tuberculosis (TB) infection and provide insights to anti-TB treatment response and emergence of resistance. Herein we followed within-host evolution of Mtb clinical isolates in two cohorts of TB patients, either with delayed Mtb culture conversion (> 2 months), or with fast culture conversion (< 2 months). We captured the genetic diversity of Mtb isolates obtained in each patient, by focusing on minor variants detected as unfixed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). To unmask antibiotic tolerant sub-populations, we exposed these isolates to rifampicin (RIF) prior to whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis. Thanks to WGS, we detected at least 1 unfixed SNP within the Mtb isolates for 9/15 patients with delayed culture conversion, and non-synonymous (ns) SNPs for 8/15 patients. Furthermore, RIF exposure revealed 9 additional unfixed nsSNP from 6/15 isolates unlinked to drug resistance. By contrast, in the fast culture conversion cohort, RIF exposure only revealed 2 unfixed nsSNP from 2/20 patients. To better understand the dynamics of Mtb micro-diversity, we investigated the variant composition of a persistent Mtb clinical isolate before and after controlled stress experiments mimicking the course of TB disease. A minor variant, featuring a particular mycocerosates profile, became enriched during both RIF exposure and macrophage infection. The variant was associated with drug tolerance and intracellular persistence, consistent with the pharmacological modeling predicting increased risk of treatment failure. A thorough study of such variants not necessarily linked to canonical drug-resistance, but which are prone to promote anti-TB drug tolerance, may be crucial to prevent the subsequent emergence of resistance. Taken together, the present findings support the further exploration of Mtb micro-diversity as a promising tool to detect patients at risk of poorly responding to anti-TB treatment, ultimately allowing improved and personalized TB management.

Long-term use of liposomal nebulized amikacin and tedizolid for the treatment of disseminated nocardiosis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Nocardiosis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients. Herein, we present successful adjunctive use of liposomal nebulized amikacin and tedizolid in a recipient of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation infected with Nocardia nova complex who presented multiple complications to conventional therapeutic options.

The MTB/MDR ELITe MGB® Kit: Performance Assessment for Pulmonary, Extra-Pulmonary, and Resistant Tuberculosis Diagnosis, and Integration in the Laboratory Workflow of a French Center.

A rapid and reliable diagnostic for tuberculosis, including the detection of both rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) resistance, is essential for appropriate patient care. Nucleic acid amplification tests are a fast alternative to methods based on Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTB) cultures. Thus, the performance of the MDR/MTB ELITe MGB® Kit on the ELITe InGenius® platform was retrospectively evaluated for MTB detection on pulmonary and extra-pulmonary samples and for RIF/INH resistance detection on MTB strains. The sensitivity and specificity of the kit for MTB detection compared to the MTB culture were 80.0% and 100.0%, respectively. For the antimicrobial susceptibility prediction, the agreement with phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was 92.0%. For RIF, the sensitivity was 100.0% and the specificity was 95.5%. For INH, the sensitivity and specificity were 75.0% and 100.0%, respectively. A single RIF false-positive result was obtained for a strain with a low level of RIF resistance that was not detected by phenotypic AST, but carrying a rpoB L452P mutation. INH false-negative results (3) were due to mutations on the katG gene that were not probed by the test. Overall, the MTB/MDR ELITe MGB® Kit presents a strong performance for MTB detection and for the detection of both RIF and INH resistance, with an easy integration in laboratory workflow thanks to its fully automatized system.

Staphylococcal Panton-Valentine Leucocidin and Gamma Haemolysin Target and Lyse Mature Bone Marrow Leucocytes.

Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen, inducing several infections ranging from the benign to the life-threatening, such as necrotising pneumonia. S. aureus is capable of producing a great variety of virulence factors, such as bicomponent pore-forming leucocidin, which take part in the physiopathology of staphylococcal infection. In necrotising pneumonia, Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) induces not only lung injury and necrosis, but also leukopenia, regarded as a major factor of a poor prognosis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of bicomponent pore-forming leucocidin, PVL and gamma haemolysin on bone marrow leucocytes, to better understand the origin of leukopenia. Using multi-parameter cytometry, the expression of leucocidin receptors (C5aR, CXCR1, CXCR2, and CCR2) was assessed and toxin-induced lysis was measured for each bone marrow leucocyte population. We observed that PVL resulted in myeloid-derived cells lysis according to their maturation and their C5aR expression; it also induced monocytes lysis according to host susceptibility. Haemolysin gamma A, B, and C (HlgABC) displayed cytotoxicity to monocytes and natural killer cells, hypothetically through CXCR2 and CXCR1 receptors, respectively. Taken together, the data suggest that PVL and HlgABC can lyse bone marrow leucocytes. Nevertheless, the origin of leukopenia in severe staphylococcal infection is predominantly peripheral, since immature cells stay insensitive to leucocidins.

Whole-genome sequencing in drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in routine practice in Lyon, France.

Rapid and correct determination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) drug susceptibility is a challenge for tuberculosis (TB) management. Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST) remains the reference method but is time consuming. In this study, genotypic prediction of the first-line drug susceptibility profile obtained by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was compared with that obtained by phenotypic DST and the line probe assay (LPA). All MTB strains isolated from patients during routine practice at the mycobacteria laboratory of Lyon University Hospital, France, between November 2016 and July 2019 were included (n = 274). Isolates were tested for the first-line drugs using phenotypic DST (Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube) and for genotypic prediction of the susceptibility profile with LPA and WGS. Considering phenotypic DST as the reference, WGS predicted resistance to rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol and pyrazinamide with sensitivities of 100%, 100%, 100% and 93.8%, respectively, and susceptibility to these drugs with specificities of 99.6%, 100%, 98.5% and 100%, respectively. Performance of the LPA was poorer, with sensitivity of 83.3% for rifampicin and 85.7% for isoniazid resistance. Five isolates were classified as susceptible according to phenotypic DST (1 for rifampicin, 4 for ethambutol) while WGS detected resistance mutations in rpoB and embB genes. WGS, used under appropriate quality-control conditions, has good performance to predict the resistance profile for the four first-line drugs and can correct phenotypic DST results. This study highlights the need for future guidelines recommending WGS as the initial tool in routine practice in areas where the prevalences of TB and drug-resistant MTB are low.

Subcultured Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates on different growth media are fully representative of bacteria within clinical samples.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) whole genome sequencing (WGS) plays an increasingly important role in tuberculosis diagnosis and research. WGS is typically performed on biobanked isolates obtained by subculture during diagnosis. Genetic variation upon culturing is known to occur in other bacterial species. However, little is understood regarding the impact of different subculture media on genome-wide diversity and variant selection in Mtb. Here we compared WGS derived from direct sequencing of sputa samples to WGS sequences from isolates subcultured on 3 different media. Based on analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), there was no evidence of variant selection caused by the different culture media used, indicating that subcultured clinical strains can be reliably used to explore genetic determinants of Mtb pathogenesis and epidemiological features.

Prospective Whole-Genome Sequencing in Tuberculosis Outbreak Investigation, France, 2017-2018.

During June 2017-April 2018, active tuberculosis with Beijing SIT1 isolates was diagnosed in 14 persons living in 4 distant cities in France. Whole-genome sequencing indicated that these patients belonged to a single transmission chain. Whole-genome sequencing-based laboratory investigations enabled prompt tracing of linked cases to improve tuberculosis control.

Evaluation of Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra performance for pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis on smear-negative respiratory samples in a French centre.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a worldwide public health concern, including in high-resource countries with a low prevalence of TB. Xpert MTB/RIF assay was developed to improve TB and rifampicin (RIF) resistance detection, but sensitivity remains poor on smear-negative sputum. Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra assay was designed to enhance the sensitivity of TB detection in clinical samples. Herein, we evaluated retrospectively the performance of this test on smear-negative respiratory samples. Respiratory specimens with smear-negative and a Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) complex-positive culture were retrospectively selected from those taken from patients during routine care, and analysed in the Mycobacteria Laboratory of the Lyon University hospital, France. Specimens were stored at - 20 °C before testing by Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra. For each sample, growth delay and date of anti-TB treatment initiation were recorded. Forty-six samples-29 sputum, 8 bronchial aspirates, 6 broncho-alveolar lavages, and 3 gastric aspirates-were selected. Among samples collected before treatment initiation (n = 33), sensitivity was 81.8% (95% CI [64.5; 93.0]) and there was a significant correlation between the quantitative measurements (Ct) of Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra assay and the time to growth detection in culture. Among samples collected after treatment initiation (n = 12), sensitivity was 100%, without correlation with time to growth detection due to presence of afterglow DNA in samples. In high-resource settings, the Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra test represents a useful tool for pulmonary TB diagnosis, notably for the paucibacillary forms. Moreover, quantitative measurement of Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra could help to predict time to MTB culture positivity and be used as a quality indicator of MTB culture process.

Clindamycin suppresses virulence expression in inducible clindamycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains.

Clindamycin is a protein synthesis inhibitory agent that has the ability to suppress the expression of virulence factors in Staphylococcus aureus. Recent guidelines recommend the use of clindamycin for the treatment of toxin-mediated infections. Clindamycin modulates virulence expression at sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) in clindamycin-susceptible S. aureus strains but previous report shown that this effect was supressed for constitutive clindamycin resistant strains. However, no data are currently available on the impact of clindamycin at sub-MICs on the virulence of inducible clindamycin-resistant S. aureus strains. Here, we show that sub-MICs of clindamycin decrease Panton-Valentine leucocidin, toxic-shock-staphylococcal toxin (TSST-1) and alpha-haemolysin (Hla) expression in six inducible clindamycin-resistant isolates cultivated in vitro in CCY medium. These results suggest that the clindamycin anti-toxin effect is retained for inducible clindamycin-resistant S. aureus isolates; therefore, its usage should be considered within the treatment regimen of toxin related infections for inducible clindamycin-resistant S. aureus.

Antituberculous drugs modulate bacterial phagolysosome avoidance and autophagy in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages.

Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) complex remains a deadly infectious disease worldwide. Mtb is an intracellular pathogen, and autophagy is an essential component of the immune response leading to TB clearance. Anti-TB treatment is based on classical isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF), but also new drugs, such as linezolid (LNZ) and bedaquiline (BDQ). However, little is known about these antibiotics' impact on Mtb intra-macrophagic behavior independent of their impact on host cells. We explored the effect of mycobacterial pre-treatment with these four antibiotics on the intra-macrophagic Mtb survival and trafficking, thanks to bacterial counts and microscopy confocal imaging. Our results showed that INH and BDQ impaired Mtb phagosome escape, RIF increased autolysosome formation, and LNZ and BDQ improved autophagy activation and efficacy. These data suggest that antibiotics favoring autophagy activation (LNZ and BDQ) may allowed better Mtb clearance by macrophages and could provide basis for future anti-TB strategies.