ABSTRACT
Adulticides applied against mosquitoes can reduce vector populations during times of high arbovirus transmission. However, impacts of these insecticides on pollinators and other non-target organisms are of concern to mosquito control professionals, beekeepers and others. We evaluated mortality of Culex quinquefasciatus and Apis mellifera when caged insects were exposed to low and high label rates of four common adulticides (Aqua-Pursuit™ [permethrin], Duet® [prallethrin + sumithrin], Fyfanon® [malathion] and Scourge® [resmethrin]) at six distances up to 91.4 m from a truck-mounted ultra-low-volume sprayer. Honey bee mortality was both absolutely low (61 m had limited impacts on honey bee mortality while providing effective mosquito control.
Subject(s)
Bees , Insecticides/administration & dosage , Mosquito Control , Animals , Culex , Female , Toxicity TestsABSTRACT
Peter Dodwell was the first to realize the significance of conformal geometry and conformal mapping for perceptual psychology. The importance of conformal properties in perception is now well recognized, and its key role in explicating perceptual phenomena demonstrated. The pioneering efforts of Professor Dodwell in this regard are described, and the application of conformal ideas to basic perceptual invariants, form memory, and the visual Gestalt is traced.