Body and Pectoral Fin Kinematics During Routine Yaw Turning in Bonnethead Sharks (Sphyrna tiburo).

Maneuvering is a crucial locomotor strategy among aquatic vertebrates, common in routine swimming, feeding, and escape responses. Combinations of whole body and fin movements generate an imbalance of forces resulting in deviation from an initial path. Sharks have elongate bodies that bend substantially and, in combination with pectoral fin rotation, play a role in yaw (horizontal) turning, but previous studies focus primarily on maximal turning performance rather than routine maneuvers. Routine maneuvering is largely understudied in fish swimming, despite observations that moderate maneuvering is much more common than the extreme behaviors commonly described in the literature. In this study, we target routine maneuvering in the bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo. We use video reconstruction of moving morphology to describe three-dimensional pectoral fin rotation about three axes to compare to those previously described on yaw turning by the Pacific spiny dogfish. We quantify kinematic variables to understand the impacts of body and fin movements on routine turning performance. We also describe the anatomy of bonnethead pectoral fins and use muscle stimulation to confirm functional hypotheses about their role in actuating the fin. The turning performance metrics we describe for bonnethead sharks are comparable to other routine maneuvers described for the Pacific spiny dogfish and manta rays. These turns were substantially less agile and maneuverable than previously documented for other sharks, which we hypothesize results from the comparison of routine turning to maneuvering under stimulated conditions. We suggest that these results highlight the importance of considering routine maneuvering in future studies. Cinemática del Cuerpo y de las Aletas Pectorales Durante el giro en el eje Vertical en la Cabeza del Tiburón Pala (Sphyrna tiburo) (Body and Pectoral Fin Kinematics During Routine Yaw Turning in Bonnethead Sharks [Sphyrna tiburo]).

Maniobrar es una estrategia locomotora crucial entre los vertebrados acuáticos, la usan communmente al nadar, alimentarse y escapar. Las combinación de movimientos de todo el cuerpo y las aletas generan un desequilibrio de fuerzas que resulta en una desviación de una trayectoria inicial. Los tiburones tienen cuerpos alargados que se doblan sustancialmente y, en combinación con la rotación de la aleta pectoral, desempeñan un papel en el giro de horizontal de la cabez. Estudios anteriores se centraron principalmente en el rendimiento máximo de giro en lugar de las maniobras de rutina. Las maniobras de rutina son poco estudiadas en la natación de peces, a pesar de las observaciones de que las maniobras moderadas son mucho más comunes que las conductas extremas comúnmente descritas en la literatura. Utilizamos la reconstrucción con video de la morfología en movimiento para describir la rotación de la aleta pectoral tridimensional en tres ejes para compararla con los descritos anteriormente en un estudio sobre el giro de rutina realizado por el tiburón espinoso del Pacífico. Cuantificamos las variables cinemáticas para comprender los impactos de los movimientos del cuerpo y las aletas en el rendimiento de giro de rutina. También describimos la anatomía de las aletas pectorales tiburón cabeza de pala y utilizamos la estimulación muscular para confirmar las hipótesis funcionales sobre su papel en la actuación de la aleta. Las métricas de rendimiento de giro que describimos para los tiburones cabeza de pala son comparables a otras maniobras de rutina descritas para el perrito espinoso del Pacífico y las mantas rayas. Estos giros fueron sustancialmente menos ágiles y maniobrables de lo que se documentó anteriormente para otros tiburones, lo cual, según nuestra hipótesis, resulta de la comparación del giro rutinario a la maniobra en condiciones estimuladas. Sugerimos que estos resultados resaltan la importancia de considerar maniobras rutinarias en estudios futuros. Translated to Spanish by J. Heras (herasj01@gmail.com).

Cinemática do Corpo e da Nadadeira Peitoral Durante a Rotação de Rotina em Tubarões Cabeça-de-Boné (Sphyrna tiburo) (Body and Pectoral Fin Kinematics During Routine Yaw Turning in Bonnethead Sharks [Sphyrna tiburo]) A manobra é uma estratégia locomotora crucial entre os vertebrados aquáticos, comum na natação rotineira, na alimentação e na resposta à ameaças. Combinações de movimentos do corpo e das nadadeiras geram um desequilíbrio de forças resultando em desvio do caminho inicial. Os tubarões têm corpos alongados que se dobram substancialmente e, em combinação com a rotação da nadadeira peitoral, desempenham um papel importante no giro horizontal (guinada), porém, estudos anteriores focaram principalmente no desempenho de giro máximo em vez de manobras rotineiras. A manobra rotineira é pouco estudada na natação de peixes, apesar das observações de que manobras moderadas são muito mais comuns do que os comportamentos extremos comumente reportados em literatura. Usamos a reconstrução de vídeo de morfologia móvel para descrever a rotação tridimensional da nadadeira peitoral para comparar com aqueles previamente descritos em um estudo sobre rotação rotineira pelo tubarão galhudo do Pacífico. Quantificamos as variáveis cinemáticas para entender os impactos dos movimentos do corpo e das nadadeiras no desempenho rotineiro de giro. Descrevemos também a anatomia das nadadeiras peitorais do tubarão martelo e utilizamos a estimulação muscular para confirmar hipóteses funcionais sobre o seu papel na movimentação da nadadeira. As métricas de desempenho de giro que descrevemos para os tubarões martelo são comparáveis a outras manobras de rotina descritas para o tubarão galhudo do Pacífico e raias-manta. Esses turnos foram substancialmente menos ágeis e manobráveis do que o anteriormente documentado para outros tubarões, dados dos quais nós criamos a hipótese com os resultados da comparação da rotação de rotina para manobrar sob condições estimuladas. Sugerimos que esses resultados ressaltem a importância de considerar manobras rotineiras em estudos futuros. Translated to Portuguese by Diego Vaz (dbistonvaz@vims.edu).

The role of location in medical technologist job satisfaction.

The purpose of this study was to determine if a difference in job satisfaction existed between medical technologists working in an urban hospital and those working in a suburban hospital. The four areas of investigation were (1) satisfaction with pay, (2) professional status, (3) medical technologist-physician relationship, and (4) job task requirements. Sixty medical technologists, from two different hospital locations, were surveyed using a work satisfaction questionnaire. A response rate of 60 percent from the suburban and 58 percent from the urban hospital was achieved. Analysis using the Mann-Whitney U test indicated that urban laboratorians were more satisfied with all areas of interest than were their suburban counterparts. The surveyed medical technologists were most satisfied with professional status, medical technologist-physician relationship, pay, and job task requirements. All scores were, in general, low, suggesting a need to attend to improved job satisfaction among medical technologists.

Induction of tolerance to heart allografts in rats using posttransplant total lymphoid irradiation and anti-T cell antibodies.

This study examined whether posttransplant anti-T cell monoclonal or polyclonal antibody therapy could provide a window of treatment to allow posttransplant total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) to induce tolerance. These experiments were conducted in a high responder strain combination of an ACI cardiac allograft into a Lewis rat. In this situation, treatment with antibody or posttransplant TLI alone is insufficient to induce tolerance, while similar treatments alone have been shown to induce tolerance in low responder strains. The affects of three anti-T cell therapies were compared: anti-CD4 mAb therapy, anti-CD3 mAb, and rabbit antithymocyte globulin (RATG). None of these antibody therapies alone prolonged graft survival indefinitely. Combining anti-CD4 therapy with posttransplant TLI markedly delayed rejection but failed to induce long-term graft survival. Tolerance could be induced by a combination of anti-pan T cell antibody (anti-CD3) and TLI, and, all grafts survived beyond 100 days. RATG failed to prevent graft rejection when used alone or in combination with TLI. However, posttransplant therapy with a combination of RATG, TLI, and single-donor blood transfusion resulted in graft survival beyond 100 days. Recipients bearing long-term donor grafts rejected third-party (PVG) grafts within 2 weeks. Low density donor bone marrow cells used instead of a blood transfusion did not facilitate tolerance. The results indicate that monoclonal or polyclonal anti-pan T cell antibodies, TLI, and a donor blood cell infusion function synergistically in facilitating tolerance to allografts in the posttransplant period.