Patient-reported health outcomes of SARS-CoV-2-tested patients presenting to emergency departments: a propensity score-matched prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the long-term physical and mental health outcomes of matched severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-positive and SARS-CoV-2-negative patients controlling for seasonal effects. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study. METHODS: This study enrolled patients presenting to emergency departments participating in the Canadian COVID-19 Emergency Department Rapid Response Network. We enrolled consecutive eligible consenting patients who presented between March 1, 2020, and July 14, 2021, and were tested for SARS-CoV-2. Research assistants randomly selected four site and date-matched SARS-CoV-2-negative controls for every SARS-CoV-2-positive patient and interviewed them at least 30 days after discharge. We used propensity scores to match patients by baseline characteristics and used linear regression to compare Veterans RAND 12-item physical health component score (PCS) and mental health component scores (MCS), with higher scores indicating better self-reported health. RESULTS: We included 1170 SARS-CoV-2-positive patients and 3716 test-negative controls. The adjusted mean difference for PCS was 0.50 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.36, 1.36) and -1.01 (95% CI: -1.91, -0.11) for MCS. Severe disease was strongly associated with worse PCS (ß = -7.4; 95% CI: -9.8, -5.1), whereas prior mental health illness was strongly associated with worse MCS (ß = -5.4; 95% CI: -6.3, -4.5). CONCLUSION: Physical health, assessed by PCS, was similar between matched SARS-CoV-2-positive and SARS-CoV-2-negative patients, whereas mental health, assessed by MCS, was worse during a time when the public experienced barriers to care. These results may inform the development and prioritization of support programs for patients.

Determination of cholesterol oxides by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection/mass selective detection and their occurence in lanolin-containing cosmetics and ointments.

OBJECTIVE: Cholesterol oxides (COPs) are thought to be of toxicological relevance in cholesterol-containing foods. For cholesterol-containing cosmetics and the like, no information is available up to this date. Therefore, the first of two main aims of this study was to develop and validate a method for determining COPs in lanolin-containing cosmetics such as lipsticks and fatty creams as well as in nipple ointments. The second aim was to study the occurrence of COPs and their concentration levels in the respective product classes. METHODS: The procedure is based on a published method for food comprising some necessary modifications. Sample preparation consisted of transesterfication, solid-phase extraction and silylation of target compounds. Separation of the derivatized COPs and their quantification were performed with gas chromatography (GC) using a flame ionization detector (FID) or a mass spectrometer (MS). RESULTS: The successful validation and the trouble-free application during the market survey showed that the method was fit for purpose. Total COP levels found were in the low per cent range (up to 3%) and surprisingly high, being many orders of magnitude higher than those published for foods. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, we present for the first time a method for the determination of COPs in non-food consumer products. Furthermore, our study demonstrates that lanolin-containing cosmetics may be an additional exogenous source of COPs. We further show evidence, that at least part of the COPs are already formed on the sheep's wool.

Oxysterols in cosmetics-Determination by planar solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Sterol oxidation products (SOPs) are linked to several toxicological effects. Therefore, investigation of potential dietary uptake sources particularly food of animal origin has been a key issue for these compounds. For the simultaneous determination of oxysterols from cholesterol, phytosterols, dihydrolanosterol and lanosterol in complex cosmetic matrices, planar solid phase extraction (pSPE) was applied as clean-up tool. SOPs were first separated from more non-polar and polar matrix constituents by normal phase thin-layer chromatography and then focussed into one target zone. Zone extraction was performed with the TLC-MS interface, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. pSPE showed to be effective for cleaning up cosmetic samples as sample extracts were free of interferences, and gas chromatographic columns did not show any signs of overloading. Recoveries were between 86 and 113% with relative standard deviations of below 10% (n=6). Results of our market survey in 2016 showed that some cosmetics with ingredients of plant origin contained phytosterol oxidation products (POPs) in the low ppm range and therefore in line with levels reported for food. In lanolin containing products, total SOPs levels (cholesterol oxidation products (COPs), lanosterol oxidation products (LOPs), dihydrolanosterol oxidation products (DOPs)) being in the low percent range exceeded reported levels for food by several orders of magnitudes.

[Experimental early detection of acute mesenteric ischemia with functional MRI (DWI) and parallel imaging]. / Experimentelle Frühdiagnostik der akuten mesenterialen Ischämie mittels diffusionsgewichteter MRT (DWI) und paralleler Bildgebung.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility of diagnosing in statu nascendi mesenteric ischemia using diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in a porcine model. All experiments were approved by the animal care committee at the district administration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mesenteric blood supply was studied in ten healthy female pigs (weight ~50 kg) with artificially induced mesenteric ischemia. In the DSA technique a branch of the superior mesenteric artery was embolized with tissue glue or small particles. DWI was performed using a 1.5 T MR scanner before embolization and 30 and 60 minutes after embolization using a 32-channel receiver coil. ADC maps were calculated for all animals. The findings were correlated to angiographic and autoptic findings. The image quality of DWI was assessed by means of SNR measurements and diagnostic impact by CNR measurements. RESULTS: Embolization of the mesenteric branches was technically successful in all cases. DWI of the bowel was feasible with the applied sequences. In all animals, DWI displayed distinct cytotoxic edema as the earliest sign of ischemia thirty minutes after induction of ischemia. Furthermore, DWI yielded a distinct reduction in the water diffusion coefficient in all animals. Variance analysis showed good correlation between CNR measurements and infarction areas. Autoptic findings could confirm the detected infarction areas by DWI. CONCLUSION: DWI using parallel imaging techniques is feasible for the early detection of acute mesenteric ischemia. The presented DWI results offer encouraging prospects regarding more rapid disease diagnosis.

Nuclear acoustic resonance in fluids using piezoelectric nanoparticles.

The influence of acoustic radiation in the form of ultrasound (US) on the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal of liquids in the presence of piezo- and ferroelectric nanoparticles was investigated. The NMR resonances of 1H and 23Na were influenced by US with a frequency of omega(US)=18.26 MHz. For hydrogen, US with a frequency omega(US)=omega(0) was used where omega(0) is the Larmor frequency of 18.26 MHz. For sodium, US with a frequency omega(US)=2omega(0,Na) was used with omega(0,Na)=9.13 MHz. A detailed description of nanoparticle properties and sample preparation is given. The influence of US on the spin-lattice relaxation time T(1) was determined with an inversion recovery sequence for different concentrations of PZT. An elongation of T(1) of (1)H by 1.7% at a PZT concentration of 0.05% and an elongation of T(1) of (23)Na by 3% at a PZT concentration of 0.04% was observed. The elongation scales with the concentration of the PZT. An possible explanation of the effect of elongation is discussed.

[Corrective growth after vertebral body fracture in the adolescence]. / Korrigierendes Wachstum nach Wirbelköperfrakturen im Jugendalter.

We present the case of a 13-year-old female patient who sustained an incomplete burst fracture of the 1st lumbar vertebral body and an impression fracture of the 3rd vertebral body. Using a dorsal instrumentation the kyphosis of the thoracolumbar junction was treated. The radiographical follow-up indicated a correction of the involved vertebral bodies. However, complete restoration of the height of the vertebral bodies was not achieved. In view of this long-term follow-up the potential for correction of the adolescent thoracolumbar junction spine is discussed.

[Computer-aided detection of small pulmonary nodules in multidetector spiral computed tomography (MSCT) in children]. / Computerassistierte Detektion (CAD) von kleinen pulmonalen Rundherden in der Mehrdetektor-Spiral-Computertomografie (MDCT) bei Kindern.

PURPOSE: Retrospective evaluation of computer-aided detection software (CAD) for automated detection (LungCAD, Siemens Medical solutions, Forchheim, Germany) and volumetry (LungCARE) of pulmonary nodules in dose-reduced pediatric MDCT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 30 scans of 24 children (10.4+/-5.9 years, 13 girls, 11 boys, 39.7+/-29.3 kg body weight) were performed on a 16-MDCT for tumor staging (n=18), inflammation (n=9), other indications (n=3). Tube voltage 120 kVp and effective mAs were adapted to body weight. Slice thickness 2 mm, increment 1 mm. A pediatric radiologist (U1), a CAD expert (U2) and an inexperienced radiologist (U3) independently analyzed the lung window images without and with the CAD as a second reader. In a consensus decision U 1 and U 2 were the reference standard. RESULTS: Five examinations had to be excluded from the study due to other underlying lung disease. A total of 24 pulmonary nodules were found in all data sets with a minimal diameter of 0.35 mm to 3.81 mm (mean 1.7+/-0.85 mm). The sensitivities were as follows: U1 95.8% and 100% with CAD; U2 91.7% U3 66.7%. U2 and U3 did not detect further nodules with CAD. The sensitivity of CAD alone was 41.7 % with 0.32 false-positive findings per examination. Interobserver agreement between U1 / U2 regarding nodule detection with CAD was good (k=0.6500) and without CAD very good (k=0.8727). For the rest (U1 /U3; U2 / U3 with and without CAD), it was weak (k=0.0667-0.1884). Depending on the measured value (axial measurement, volume), there is a significant correlation (p=0.0026-0.0432) between nodule size and CAD detection. Undetected pulmonary nodules (mean 1.35 mm; range 0.35-2.61 mm) were smaller than the detected ones (mean 2.19 mm; range 1.35-3.81 mm). No significant correlation was found between CAD findings and patient age (p=0.9263) and body weight (p=0.9271) as well as nodule location (subpleural, intraparenchymal; p=1.0) and noise/SNR. CONCLUSION: In our study with 2 mm slice thickness and very small lesion sizes, the analyzed CAD algorithm for detection and volumetry of pulmonary nodules has limited application in pediatric dose-reduced 16-MDCTs. Determination of lesion size is possible even in the case of false-negatives.

Comparison of image quality in magnetic resonance imaging of the knee at 1.5 and 3.0 Tesla using 32-channel receiver coils.

We examined to what degree the visualization of anatomic structures in the human knee is improved using 3.0-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and many element RF receive coils as compared to 1.5 T. We imaged 20 knees at 1.5 and 3.0 T using T2-weighted STIR, T2-weighted gradient echo, T1-weighted spin-echo, true-FISP and T2-weighted fast spin echo techniques in conjunction with 32-element RF coil arrays. The 3.0-T examination was considerably faster than its 1.5-T counterpart. A superior subjective visibility at 3.0 T vs 1.5 T was found in 27 of 50 evaluated structures (meniscus, ligaments) with the exception of true-FISP techniques. The 3.0-T examination provided a better visibility (evaluated by blinded consensus-reading by two radiologists) of small structures such as the ligamentum transversum genu. Also, cartilage was better delineated at 3.0 T. A 23% increased average signal-to-noise ratio as assessed using a temporal filter was observed at 3.0 T as compared to 1.5 T. At 3.0 T, imaging of the human knee is faster and results in a subjective visibility of anatomic structures that is superior to and competitive with 1.5 T.

[Pediatric bowel MRI--accelerated parallel imaging in a single breathhold]. / MRT des darms bei kindern--beschleunigte bildgebung in einem atemzug.

PURPOSE: To compare highly accelerated parallel MRI of the bowel with conventional balanced FFE sequences in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 20 children with suspected or proven IBD underwent MRI using a 1.5 T scanner after oral administration of 700 -1000 ml of a Mannitol solution and an additional enema. The examination started with a 4-channel receiver coil and a conventional balanced FFE sequence in axial (2.5 s/slice) and coronal (4.7 s/slice) planes. Afterwards highly accelerated (R = 5) balanced FFE sequences in axial (0.5 s/slice) and coronal (0.9 s/slice) were performed using a 32-channel receiver coil and parallel imaging (SENSE). Both receiver coils achieved a resolution of 0.88 x 0.88 mm with a slice thickness of 5 mm (coronal) and 6 mm (axial) respectively. Using the conventional imaging technique, 4 - 8 breathholds were needed to cover the whole abdomen, while parallel imaging shortened the acquisition time down to a single breathhold. Two blinded radiologists did a consensus reading of the images regarding pathological findings, image quality, susceptibility to artifacts and bowel distension. The results for both coil systems were compared using the kappa-(kappa)-coefficient, differences in the susceptibility to artifacts were checked with the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Statistical significance was assumed for p = 0.05. RESULTS: 13 of the 20 children had inflammatory bowel wall changes at the time of the examination, which could be correctly diagnosed with both coil systems in 12 of 13 cases (92 %). The comparison of both coil systems showed a good agreement for pathological findings (kappa = 0.74 - 1.0) and the image quality. Using parallel imaging significantly more artifacts could be observed (kappa = 0.47) without impairing the diagnostic impact. The comparison of the bowel distension showed no significant differences. CONCLUSION: The highly accelerated parallel MRI using the SENSE technique and a 32-channel surface coil enables the examination of the entire bowel in a single breathhold without relevant restrictions in image quality and diagnostic impact.

Pediatric multidetector computed tomography using tube current modulation and a patient image gallery.

BACKGROUND: Dose reduction is crucial in pediatric multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). PURPOSE: To perform pediatric 16-slice MDCT using tube current modulations and to adjust prospectively the tube current using a patient image gallery (IG) providing simulated dose-reduced protocols; and to evaluate and compare the image quality of the IG and the clinical MDCT. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 30 examinations (thorax, n = 15; abdomen, n = 8; pelvis, n = 7) in 20 patients (nine male, age 8.05 +/- 7.33 years, weight 29.8 +/- 24.02 kg) were performed according to an IG on a 16-slice MDCT with additional use of online tube current modulation (CARE Dose). Three radiologists visually assessed image quality from the IG and actual 16-slice MDCT scans. For objective analysis, image noise was determined. RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed moderate concordance in objective (K = 0.68-0.78) and subjective (K = 0.33-0.64) image assessment between the IG and clinical 16-slice MDCT scans. Depending on the weight group and clinical question, no or only minor dose reductions in the chest, but moderate to considerable reductions in the abdominal/pelvic 16-slice MDCT scans compared to previously used pediatric protocols were achieved. Extra dose reduction was achieved due to additional use of CARE Dose depending on age group and scan region (mean 8.6-23.9%). CONCLUSION: The IG enabled us to prospectively reduce the tube current and adapt the required image quality to the clinical question. Additional dose reduction was achieved with application of CARE Dose; nevertheless, the images are comparable to the simulated images of the IG.

Contrast enhancement in multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) of the abdomen: intraindividual comparison of contrast media containing 300 mg versus 370 mg iodine per ml.

The purpose of this study was to intraindividually evaluate the difference in intraluminal vessel and parenchyma contrast enhancement of two different iodine concentrations in multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) of the abdomen. Eighty-three patients underwent baseline and follow-up MDCT-scanning (Somatom Sensation 16; Siemens, Forchheim, Germany) of the abdomen using contrast media containing 370 mg iodine/ml (protocol A; Ultravist 370, Bayer Schering Pharma, Berlin, Germany) and 300 mg iodine/ml (protocol B; Ultravist 300). The total iodine load (37 g iodine) and the iodine delivery rate (1.29 g iodine/s) were identical for both protocols. Contrast enhancement in the portal venous phase was measured in the abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava, portal vein, liver, spleen, pancreas and kidney. Mean attenuation values were compared using paired t-test. Intraindividual comparison revealed no statistically significant differences of the mean attenuation values between protocols A and B for all anatomic sites: abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava, portal vein, liver, spleen, pancreas and kidney (all P > 0.05). Given an injection protocol with constant total iodine load and constant iodine delivery rate, the iodine concentration of contrast media does not significantly influence abdominal contrast enhancement in the portal venous phase.

[Bowel imaging--a reevaluation. Part 1: Conventional techniques and ultrasonography]. / Bildgebende Diagnostik des Darms--eine Neubewertung. Teil 1: Konventionelle Techniken und Ultraschall.

For decades fluoroscopy was the only adequate imaging modality in the diagnostic evaluation of the bowel. In the 1980 s new techniques such as MRI, CT and flexible fiber-optic endoscopy were introduced into the daily routine and revolutionized bowel imaging. Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) is the latest technical innovation for visualizing the bowel. Today a broad range of different imaging methods is available. This article provides a review of state-of-the-art bowel imaging and is divided into two parts. The first part addresses conventional X-ray techniques and ultrasonography and the second part discusses bowel imaging with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The goal of this article is to present the imaging techniques and to discuss them in the context of competitive methods.

[Bowel imaging: a reassessment. Part 2: CT and MRI]. / Bildgebende Diagnostik des Darms--eine Neubewertung. Teil 2: CT und MRT.

This is the second part of a review of bowel imaging. While the first part addressed conventional X-ray techniques and ultrasonography, the second part discusses the diagnostic features of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including virtual colonography and PET-CT in the diagnosis of bowel disorders. Indications, performance and the diagnostic impact of the different methods are presented and discussed in the context of competitive methods such as (capsule-)endoscopy.

[CT-guided interventions in children]. / Computertomografisch gesteuerte Interventionen bei Kindern.

In pediatric CT-guided interventions specific features have to be taken into account. Due to a lack of cooperation or limited ability to cooperate, procedures are often performed using analgosedation or general anesthesia. To provide radiation protection, justified indication for CT-guided intervention is necessary and sonography and MRI are to be preferred whenever possible. CT examinations also need to be dose-adapted with sequential scanning and a tube voltage and tube current reduction compared to pediatric diagnostic CT studies must be ensured. Gonad shields are recommended for male patients. Biopsy device selection depends on the assumed tumor entity since histology and also immunohistochemical, molecular pathological and cytogenetical analysis are necessary to differentiate pediatric tumors (small, round, blue cell tumors). In addition to diagnostic procedures, therapeutic interventions (drainage, injection therapies, neurolysis, and radiofrequency ablation) can also be used in children and can provide an alternative to surgery in selected cases. With justified indications and precise performance, CT-guided interventions can be successful in pediatric patients with limited risks.

Initial and mid-term results of a 4F compatible self-expanding low strut profile nitinol stent in the superficial femoral artery.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the initial and mid-term results of a new self-expanding low strut profile nitinol stent for treatment of atherosclerotic lesions stenoses and occlusions in the superficial femoral artery (SFA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 8 patients (4 male, 4 female, mean age 74.8 +/- 8.8 years) with SFA lesions and non-satisfying results after PTA treatment alone, 10 self-expanding nitinol Xpert stents were deployed via a 4 F sheath. Stent characteristics and handling were graded by the interventionalist. Fontaine classification, duplex flow measurements and ankle brachial index (ABI) at rest and stress were taken prior and one day after stent placement. Patients were followed 3, 6 and 12 months after the procedure obtaining the same parameters at each appointment. RESULTS: Initial stent treatment was successful in all patients. Stent handling and positioning were rated very good and safe. All patients improved clinically by at least one Fontaine stage (range before treatment: stage IIb to IV). The mean ABI at rest (stress) improved initially from 0.68 (0.70) to 1.07 (0.99). During a mean follow-up period of 8.3 months no case of clinically relevant in-stent stenosis was observed with stable values of ABI at rest and stress. CONCLUSION: Treatment of SFA lesions using the 4F-compatible self-expanding nitinol Xpert stent is technically simple, safe and shows good initial and mid-term results.

Ultrasonography of the pancreas. 2. Harmonic imaging.

Tissue harmonic imaging (THI) is a relatively new ultrasonographic imaging modality which has been implemented in many modern scanners. As several previous studies have pointed out, THI can help to overcome some shortcomings of conventional B-mode ultrasonography (US). The aim of this article is to give a compact summary of the potentials of THI, focused on pancreatic imaging. Beginning with a recapitulation of the technical background of THI, the particularities and suitable applications of THI in US of the pancreas are discussed. Examination protocols and typical indications are presented together with example images. Finally, new trends and developments in B-mode sonography of the pancreas such as panorama US, compound imaging, and photopic US are mentioned.

Evaluation of femoral head vascularization in slipped capital femoral epiphysis before and after cannulated screw fixation with use of contrast-enhanced MRI: initial results.

In this study we used contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate the vascularization of the femoral head in children with slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) before and after cannulated screw fixation. Eleven consecutive children with SCFE, seven boys and four girls, aged 10-15 years were included in the study. There were no preslips; four children had acute, three acute-on-chronic, and four chronic SCFE. The MRI examinations were performed in a 1.5 Tesla MR scanner with use of a coronal STIR sequence, a coronal contrast-enhanced T1-weighted spin-echo sequence, and a sagittal three-dimensional gradient-echo sequence. Morphology, signal intensities, and contrast-enhancement of the femoral head were assessed by two radiologists in consensus. Morphologic distortion of the physis, bone marrow edema within the metaphysis and epiphysis, and joint effusion were the preoperative MRI findings of SCFE in each child. In nine children, the vascularization of the femoral head before and after surgery was normal. In one child, a preoperative avascular zone in the superolateral aspect of the epiphysis revascularized completely after surgery. One child with severe SCFE developed avascular necrosis of the femoral head after open reduction of the slip. We conclude that MRI allows for accurate evaluation of the femoral head vascularization before and after surgery in children with SCFE.

Radiation dose reduction to breast and thyroid during MDCT: effectiveness of an in-plane bismuth shield.

PURPOSE: To evaluate dose reduction and image deterioration using in-plane bismuth breast-shielding and thyroid-shielding for MDCT. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Skin and organ doses of thyroid and breast were measured with thermoluminescent dosimeters in a female Alderson-Rando Phantom with and without a 4-ply in-plane bismuth shield. Routine neck (120 kVp, 150 mAs(eff); 16 x 1.5 mm) and chest (120 kVp, 100 mAs(eff); 16 x 1.5 mm) scan protocols were simulated on a 16-row MDCT scanner in three different settings: without shielding, with the shield directly on the surface, and with a 1-cm-thick cotton spacer between surface and shield. Image noise was quantified and compared using the t test. RESULTS: On average, shielding resulted in a 47% organ-dose reduction for the thyroid and 32% for the breast. Placement of the spacer between shield and surface had no significant impact on the measured doses, but significantly decreased the image noise (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In-plane bismuth breast and thyroid shielding significantly decreases radiation dose in MDCT without deteriorating image quality.

[Dose-reduced 16-slice multidetector-row spiral computed tomography in children with bronchoscopically suspected vascular tracheal stenosis -- initial results]. / Dosisreduzierte 16-Schicht-Multidetektor-Spiralcomputertomographie bei Säuglingen und Kleinkindern mit bronchoskopischem Verdacht auf vaskulär bedingte Trachealstenosen -- erste klinische Ergebnisse.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced dose-reduced 16-slice multidetector-row CT (MDCT) in newborns and infants with fiberoptic bronchoscopically suspected vascular-induced tracheal stenosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 12 children (4 days to 3 years, 1.2 - 13.5 kg body weight) were examined using i. v. contrast-enhanced 16-slice MDCT (SOMATOM Sensation 16, Forchheim, Germany) without breath-hold and under sedation (11/12). All MDCTs were performed with a dose reduction. The beam collimation was 16 x 0.75 mm, except in the case of one child. MPRs along the tracheal axis in the x-, y- and z-directions and volume-rendering-reconstructions (VRTs) were calculated based on a secondary raw data set in addition to conventional axial slices. 2 radiologists used a three-point grade scale to evaluate the image quality, motion, and contrast media artifacts as well as the usefulness of the 2D- and 3D-reconstructions for determining the diagnosis. Statistical analysis was performed on the basis of a Kappa test. RESULTS: In all cases the cause of the fiberoptic bronchoscopically suspected tracheal stenosis was revealed: compression due to the brachiocephalic trunk (n = 7), double aortic arch (n = 2), lusorian artery (n = 1), vascular compression of the left main bronchus (n = 2). In 3 patients further thoracic anomalies, such as tracheobronchial (n = 2), and vascular (n = 2) and vertebral (n = 1) anomalies were found. The attenuation in the anomalous vessels was 307 +/- 140 HU. The image noise was 9.8 +/- 1.9 HU. The mean dose reduction was 82.7 +/- 3.2 % compared to a standard adult thoracic CT. All examinations were rated as diagnostically good (median 1, range 1, k = 1). 3D images did not show any stair artifacts (median 2, range 1 - 2, k = 1). The image noise was minor to moderate and hardly any motion artifacts were seen (median 1, range 1 - 2, k = 0.8). Contrast media artifacts were rated zero to minor (median 1.5, range 1 - 2, k = 0.676). MPRs (median 1, range 1, k = 1) and VRTs (median 1, range 1, k = 1) were found to be useful for diagnosis. Subsequent vascular surgery was performed on 8 patients. CONCLUSION: Contrast-enhanced dose-reduced 16-slice MDCT is effective for demonstrating the cause of fiberoptic bronchoscopically suspected vascular-induced tracheal stenosis even in very small and severely ill children despite the small contrast media amount and free breathing.

Estimation of radiation exposure in low-dose multislice computed tomography of the heart and comparison with a calculation program.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the achievable organ dose savings in low-dose multislice computed tomography (MSCT) of the heart using different tube voltages (80 kVp, 100 kVp, 120 kVp) and compare it with calculated values. A female Alderson-Rando phantom was equipped with thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) in five different positions to assess the mean doses within representative organs (thyroid gland, thymus, oesophagus, pancreas, liver). Radiation exposure was performed on a 16-row MSCT scanner with six different routine scan protocols: a 120-kV and a 100-kV CT angiography (CTA) protocol with the same collimation, two 120-kV Ca-scoring (CS) protocols with different collimations and two 80-kV CS protocols with the same collimation as the 120-kV CS protocols. Each scan protocol was repeated five times. The measured dose values for the organs were compared with the values calculated by a commercially available computer program. Directly irradiated organs, such as the esophagus, received doses of 34.7 mSv (CTA 16x0.75 120 kVp), 21.9 mSv (CTA 16x0.75 100 kVp) and 4.96 mSv (CS score 12x1.5 80 kVp), the thyroid as an organ receiving only scattered radiation collected organ doses of 2.98 mSv (CTA 16x0.75 120 kVp), 1.97 mSv (CTA 16x0.75 100 kVp) and 0.58 mSv (CS score 12x1.5 80 kVp). The measured relative organ dose reductions from standard to low-kV protocols ranged from 30.9% to 55.9% and were statistically significant (P<0.05). The comparison with the calculated organ doses showed that the calculation program can predict the relative dose reduction of cardiac low photon-energy protocols precisely.