Subject(s)
Coccidiosis/veterinary , Coccidiostats , Drug Resistance , Poultry Diseases , Animals , Chickens , Coccidia/drug effects , Coccidiosis/drug therapy , JapanABSTRACT
After an oral dose of 350 mg of sulphadimethoxine, the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans O-dealkylates sulphadimethoxine at the 2- and 6-position at 38% and 19% respectively, the 2-position being favoured. Acetylation of sulphadimethoxine and its hydroxy metabolites occurs for 57.4%.
Subject(s)
Sulfadimethoxine/pharmacokinetics , Turtles/metabolism , Acetylation , Animals , Chemical Phenomena , ChemistryABSTRACT
Sulphamonomethoxine is O-demethylated at the 6 position and oxidised at the 2 position of the pyrimidine substituent by Pseudemys scripta elegans. No N4-acetylation takes place. The yield of the oxidation reaction is twice that of the O-demethylation reaction.
Subject(s)
Sulfamonomethoxine/pharmacokinetics , Sulfanilamides/pharmacokinetics , Turtles/metabolism , Animals , Chemical Phenomena , Chemistry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Oxidation-ReductionABSTRACT
The snail Cepaea hortensis O-dealkylates sulfadimethoxine at the 2- and 6-position, the 2-position being favoured. Sulfadimethoxine is also acetylated, while no measurable acetylation of the hydroxy (= demethyl) metabolites took place.
Subject(s)
Snails/metabolism , Sulfadimethoxine/pharmacokinetics , Acetylation , Animals , DealkylationABSTRACT
Sulfamonomethoxine is not O-demethylated in the snail Cepaea hortensis, but acetylated (15.2%) and oxidised (0.78%) at the 2 position of the pyrimidine nucleus.
Subject(s)
Snails/metabolism , Sulfamonomethoxine/pharmacokinetics , Sulfanilamides/pharmacokinetics , Acetylation , Animals , Oxidation-ReductionABSTRACT
The Taiwanese strain of Leucocytozoon caulleryi was isolated from an infected chicken in Taipei, Taiwan, and established in chickens and biting midges Culicoides arakawae from Japan. Sporogony of the strain in C. arakawae was completed on day 3 after the infective blood meals at 25 degrees C. Sporozoites isolated from the salivary glands of C. arakawae on days 3 or 4 after feeding caused infection in all the chickens inoculated. The strain showed high pathogenicity for chickens. Mortality of chickens rose with an increase in the number of sporozoites inoculated. The prepatent period for chickens inoculated with sporozoites was 14 days. Parasites appeared in the peripheral blood of chickens on day 15 and disappeared on day 26 after sporozoite inoculation. Soluble antigens were found in the sera of chickens infected with the strain between 10 and 17 days after inoculation, and homologous antibodies appeared after 17 days. Antigens prepared from sera, schizonts, merozoites, and gametocytes of the Taiwanese strain reacted with the sera of chickens infected with the same strain or the strain isolated in Japan. The chickens that recovered from a primary infection with the Taiwanese strain demonstrated complete resistance to reinfection with the same strain or the the strain isolated in Japan.
