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1.
Bol. latinoam. Caribe plantas med. aromát ; 18(3): 336-346, mayo 2019. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1008047

ABSTRACT

The chemical composition of Mangifera indica L. cv. "Kent" leaves was determined by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. Polyphenolic compounds characterized as benzophenone derivatives were the main components found in extracts (1, maclurin 3-C-(2-O-galloyl)-D- glucoside isomer; 2, maclurin 3-C---D-glucoside; 3, iriflophenone 3-C---D-glucoside; 5, maclurin 3-C-(2,3-di-O-galloyl)---D-glucoside; 6, iriflophenone 3-C-(2-O-galloyl)---D-glucoside; 7, methyl-iriflophenone 3-C-(2,6-di-O-galloyl)---D-glucoside) and xanthones (4, mangiferin and 8, 6-O-galloyl-mangiferin). The estrogenic and antioxidant effects of aqueous extracts from Mangifera indica L. cv. "Kent" leaves on ovariectomized rats were determined by uterotrophic assay and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in erythrocytes, bone, liver, and stomach. We conclude that the polyphenolic compounds from extracts act as exogenous antioxidant agents against oxidative damage in ovariectomized rats.


La composición química de las hojas de Mangifera indica L. cv. "Kent" se determinó por HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. Compuestos polifenólicos caracterizados como derivados de benzofenona fueron los componentes principales encontrados en los extractos (1, isómero de la maclurina 3-C-(2-O-galoyil)-D-glucósido; 2, maclurina 3-C-ß-D-glucósido; 3, iriflofenona 3-C-ß-D-glucósido; 5, maclurina 3-C-(2,3-di-O-galloíl)-ß-D-glucósido; 6, iriflofenona 3-C-(2-O-galloil)-ß-D-glucósido; 7, metil-iriflofenona 3-C-(2,6-di-O- galloyl)-ß-D-glucósido) y xantonas (4, mangiferina y 8, 6-O-galoyil-mangiferina). Los efectos estrogénicos y antioxidantes de los extractos acuosos de hojas de Mangifera indica L. cv. "Kent" en ratas ovariectomizadas se determinaron mediante ensayo uterotrófico y la medición de los niveles de malondialdehído (MDA) en eritrocitos, huesos, hígado y estómago. Concluimos que los compuestos polifenólicos de los extractos actúan como agentes antioxidantes exógenos contra el daño oxidativo en ratas ovariectomizadas.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Ovariectomy , Mangifera/chemistry , Estrogens/pharmacology , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Stomach/drug effects , Benzophenones/chemistry , Bone and Bones/drug effects , Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Reactive Oxygen Species , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization , Ethanol , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Liver/drug effects , Malondialdehyde , Antioxidants/chemistry
2.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab ; 96(3): 775-81, 2011 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21190973

ABSTRACT

CONTEXT: In lean individuals, increasing dietary lipid can elicit an increase in whole body lipid oxidation; however, with obesity the capacity to respond to changes in substrate availability appears to be compromised. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the responses of genes regulating lipid oxidation in skeletal muscle differed between lean and insulin resistant obese humans upon exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD). DESIGN AND SETTING: A 5-d prospective study conducted in the research unit of an academic center. PARTICIPANTS: Healthy, lean (n = 12; body mass index = 22.1 ± 0.6 kg/m(2)), and obese (n=10; body mass index = 39.6 ± 1.7 kg/m(2)) males and females, between ages 18 and 30. INTERVENTION: Participants were studied before and after a 5-d HFD (65% fat). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Skeletal muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were obtained in the fasted and fed states before and after the HFD and mRNA content for genes involved with lipid oxidation determined. Skeletal muscle acylcarnitine content was determined in the fed states before and after the HFD. RESULTS: Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) α mRNA content increased in lean, but not obese, subjects after a single high-fat meal. From Pre- to Post-HFD, mRNA content exhibited a body size × HFD interaction, where the lean individuals increased while the obese individuals decreased mRNA content for pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4, uncoupling protein 3, PPARα, and PPARγ coactivator-1α (P ≤ 0.05). In the obese subjects medium-chain acylcarnitine species tended to accumulate, whereas no change or a reduction was evident in the lean individuals. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate a differential response to a lipid stimulus in the skeletal muscle of lean and insulin resistant obese humans.


Subject(s)
Dietary Fats/pharmacology , Lipid Metabolism/genetics , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Obesity/metabolism , Adolescent , Adult , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Body Mass Index , Carnitine/analogs & derivatives , Carnitine/metabolism , Diet , Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood , Female , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Humans , Insulin/blood , Insulin/metabolism , Ion Channels/genetics , Ion Channels/metabolism , Lipid Metabolism/drug effects , Male , Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics , Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism , Muscle, Skeletal/chemistry , Oxidation-Reduction , PPAR alpha/biosynthesis , PPAR alpha/genetics , Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)/genetics , Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis , RNA, Messenger/genetics , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization , Uncoupling Protein 3 , Young Adult
3.
J Hosp Infect ; 64(4): 348-51, 2006 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17046104

ABSTRACT

Previous studies have shown a correlation between fluoroquinolone use in hospitals and rates of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. This study examined the effect on MRSA infection rates within individual adult units of a tertiary care teaching hospital after instituting a programme to decrease ciprofloxacin use. Clinical specimens positive for S. aureus were determined on all adult inpatient units between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2005. Units with >10 isolates of S. aureus per year were included in the analysis. Ciprofloxacin use, measured in defined daily doses per 1000 patient-days, was determined for each unit during the same time period. Ciprofloxacin use and MRSA rates for 2004 and 2005 were compared. In the 17 units studied, ciprofloxacin use decreased by 31.2% (P<0.0001). The MRSA rate in these units decreased from 59.6% to 54.2% (P=0.122). There was a correlation between ciprofloxacin use and the MRSA rate within these units (r=0.70; 95% confidence interval -0.01-0.94; P=0.053). Within individual units, there was a variable response. In seven of the units, there was an increase in the MRSA rate despite a reduction in ciprofloxacin use, suggesting that other factors (length of stay, infection control and community-acquired MRSA) may have contributed. Although many factors are associated with high MRSA rates, ciprofloxacin use appears to be a contributing factor. Reducing the use of ciprofloxacin may be a means of controlling MRSA in the hospital setting.


Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use , Ciprofloxacin/therapeutic use , Cross Infection/prevention & control , Infection Control/methods , Methicillin Resistance/drug effects , Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Cross Infection/microbiology , Hospitals, Teaching/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Incidence , Infection Control/standards , Practice Patterns, Physicians'/statistics & numerical data , Prevalence , Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy
4.
Ann Thorac Surg ; 72(4): 1203-8; discussion 1208-9, 2001 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11603437

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Our study evaluates a series of video-assisted minimally invasive mitral operations, showing safe progression toward totally endoscopic techniques. METHODS: Consecutive patients with isolated mitral valve disease underwent either manually directed (n = 55) or voice-activated robotically directed (n = 72) video-assisted mitral operations. Cold blood cardioplegia, a transthoracic aortic clamp, a 5-mm endoscope, and a 5-cm minithoracotomy were used. This video-assisted minimally invasive mitral operation cohort was compared with a previous sternotomy-based mitral operation cohort (n = 100). RESULTS: Group demographics, New York Heart Association classification, and cardiac function were similar. Repairs were performed in 61.8% manually directed (n = 34), 75.0% robotically directed (n = 54), and 54% sternotomy-based (N = 54) mitral operations. The robotically directed technique showed a significant decrease in blood loss, ventilator time, and hospitalization compared with the sternotomy-based technique. Manually directed mitral operations compared with robotically directed mitral operations had decreased arrest times (128.0 +/- 4.5 minutes compared with 90.0 +/- 4.6 minutes; p < 0.001) and decreased perfusion times (173.0 +/- 5.7 minutes compared with 144.0 +/- 4.6 minutes; p < 0.001). In the minimally invasive mitral operation cohort, complications included reexploration for bleeding (2.4%; n = 3) and one stroke (0.8%), whereas the 30-day mortality was 2.3% (n = 3). CONCLUSIONS: Video-assisted mitral surgery provides safe and effective results when compared with conventional sternal approaches. These positive results show a safe and stepwise evolution toward a totally endoscopic mitral valve operation.


Subject(s)
Heart Valve Diseases/surgery , Mitral Valve/surgery , Robotics/instrumentation , Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted/instrumentation , Adult , Aged , Female , Heart Valve Diseases/mortality , Hospital Mortality , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures/instrumentation , Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care , Postoperative Complications/etiology , Postoperative Complications/mortality , Retrospective Studies , Surgical Equipment , Survival Rate , Thoracotomy/instrumentation
5.
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord ; 25(8): 1262-8, 2001 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11477513

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of socioeconomic status (SES) on the obesity knowledge of adolescents in six Latin American cities. DESIGN: Data were collected using an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire consisting of demographic questions and a 25-item multiple-choice obesity knowledge test. Test items were clustered under five topics: the fat and calorie content of foods and beverages; weight loss methods; energy expenditure; food preparation methods; and the relationship between obesity and health. SUBJECTS: A total of 1272 ninth grade students from higher and lower SES families were recruited at schools in Buenos Aires, Argentina (n=195); Guatemala City, Guatemala (n=212); Havana, Cuba (n=213); Lima, Peru (n=218); Panama City, Panama (n=195); and Santiago, Chile (n=239). RESULTS: Mean test scores reflected a low level of obesity knowledge among adolescents from higher and lower SES groups in all six cities. Nevertheless, a trend for higher scores emerged in favor of adolescents from wealthier families. This income effect persisted after controlling for gender and weight status. The weakest knowledge areas among youth from the higher SES groups were food preparation methods and the relationship between obesity and health while those for adolescents from the lower SES groups were the fat and calorie content of foods and beverages and the relationship between obesity and health. Classroom instruction about obesity was generally more available to students from the higher SES groups. The majority of adolescents from both SES groups were interested in learning more about weight loss methods, energy expenditure, and the fat and calorie content of foods and beverages. The topic of least interest was the relationship between obesity and health. CONCLUSION: These preliminary findings suggest a need for more obesity education programs for adolescents, especially for those living in poverty.


Subject(s)
Knowledge , Nutritional Sciences/education , Obesity/psychology , Psychology, Adolescent , Adolescent , Anonyms and Pseudonyms , Awareness , Body Mass Index , Female , Health Surveys , Humans , Male , Obesity/etiology , Social Class , South America , Surveys and Questionnaires
6.
Exp Lung Res ; 26(6): 457-76, 2000 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11033768

ABSTRACT

The relative efficacy of mucosal (intratracheal) and systemic (intraperitoneal) delivery of interleukin (IL)-12 was evaluated in a mouse model of allergic lung eosinophilia. Mucosal administration of IL-12 achieved 100- to 600-fold higher bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) levels of IL-12, but 2- to 10-fold lower serum levels compared to systemic administration. Whereas both mucosal and systemic IL-12 inhibited BAL eosinophil recruitment at high doses (100-1000 ng), only mucosal IL-12 was effective at low doses (1-10 ng). Mucosal, but not systemic, administration of 1000 ng of IL-12 increased interferon (IFN)-gamma expression in BAL cells. In a model of ongoing eosinophilic inflammation, when mucosal or systemic IL-12 doses were initiated prior to peak eosinophilia, further eosinophil recruitment was inhibited. However, when IL-12 treatment was initiated after peak eosinophil recruitment occurred, recovery from eosinophilic inflammation was not facilitated. Our findings are the first to demonstrate that locally administered IL-12 inhibits eosinophil recruitment at 100-fold lower doses than systemic IL-12. The most likely mechanism of this enhanced inhibitory activity is a sustained increase in lung levels of IL-12 that augments IFN-gamma production from BAL cells. We suggest that future studies should evaluate the efficacy of low doses of nebulized IL-12 in inhibiting eosinophilic lung inflammation in asthma.


Subject(s)
Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage , Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis , Interleukin-12/administration & dosage , Lung/drug effects , Pulmonary Eosinophilia/prevention & control , Respiratory Mucosa/drug effects , Adjuvants, Immunologic/blood , Allergens/immunology , Animals , Asthma , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/chemistry , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology , Disease Models, Animal , Injections, Intraperitoneal , Interferon-gamma/genetics , Interleukin-12/blood , Intubation, Intratracheal , Lung/pathology , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Pollen/immunology , Pulmonary Eosinophilia/immunology , Pulmonary Eosinophilia/pathology , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
7.
Exp Lung Res ; 26(6): 477-89, 2000 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11033769

ABSTRACT

The worldwide incidence, prevalence, and fatality rates from asthma are increasing despite currently available therapeutic modalities. Systemic administration of interleukin (IL)-12 has been shown to inhibit airway reactivity in murine models of asthma, but the required dosage is high and may be toxic. This study tested the hypothesis that IL-12 administered directly into the lungs is more effective in inhibiting airway reactivity than systemically administered IL-12, allowing lower doses to be used. A low dose (10 ng) of IL-12 was delivered either intratracheally (mucosal delivery) or intraperitoneally (systemic delivery) at the time of ragweed (RW) challenge in mice sensitized to RW. Basal airway resistance and airway reactivity to methacholine were measured 3 days after RW challenge. Compared to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) challenge of RW sensitized mice, RW challenge increased basal resistance and the slope of the methacholine dose-response curve. Methacholine challenge of RW-challenged mice also induced premature respiratory failure (respiratory rate < 150/min, tidal volume < 0.15 mL) in some animals. Administration of mucosal or systemic IL-12 at the time of RW challenge decreased basal airway resistance. However, only mucosal IL-12 decreased airway reactivity and inhibited respiratory failure during methacholine challenge. These findings indicate that mucosal delivery of a low dose of IL-12 is more effective than systemic IL-12 in inhibiting airway reactivity and respiratory failure in a mouse model of asthma.


Subject(s)
Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage , Interleukin-12/administration & dosage , Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy , Respiratory Mucosa/drug effects , Allergens/immunology , Asthma , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Injections, Intraperitoneal , Intubation, Intratracheal , Methacholine Chloride/pharmacology , Pollen/immunology , Respiratory Insufficiency/chemically induced
8.
J Pediatr ; 137(4): 591-2, 2000 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11035851
9.
Eur J Appl Physiol ; 82(1-2): 61-7, 2000 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10879444

ABSTRACT

Unaccustomed, eccentrically biased exercise induces trauma to muscle and/or connective tissue. Tissue damage activates an acute inflammatory response. Inflammation requires the effective interaction of different physiological and biological systems. Much of this is coordinated by the de novo synthesis of families of protein molecules, cytokines. The purpose of the present paper was to determine changes in blood levels of various cytokines in response to exercise-induced muscle damage that was effected using high-intensity eccentric exercise. Six healthy, untrained, college-age male subjects were required to perform the eccentric phase of a bench press and a leg curl (4 sets, 12 repetitions/set) at an intensity equivalent to 100% of their previously determined one-repetition maximum. Samples of blood were drawn at the following times: before exercise and 1.5, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 h after exercise. These samples were analyzed for interleukins (IL): IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-10; tumor necrosis factor-alpha; colony stimulating factors (CSF): granulocyte-CSF, macrophage-CSF, and GM-CSF; for cell adhesion molecules (CAM): P- and E-selectin, and intercellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1). Results were analyzed using a repeated-measures analysis of variance (P = 0.05). Compared to baseline values, IL-1beta was reduced (P = 0.03) at 6, 24, and 96-144 h after exercise; IL-6 was elevated (P = 0.01) at 12, 24, and 72 h after exercise; IL-10 was elevated (P = 0.009) between 72 and 144 h after exercise; M-CSF was elevated (P = 0.005) at 12 and 48-144 h after exercise; and P-selectin was reduced (P = 0.01) between 24 and 144 h after exercise. It is concluded that when high-intensity eccentric exercise is compared to strenuous endurance exercise, post-exercise changes in cytokines do occur, but they are generally of a smaller magnitude, and occur at a later time period after the termination of exercise.


Subject(s)
Cell Adhesion Molecules/blood , Cytokines/blood , Exercise/physiology , Adult , E-Selectin/blood , Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/blood , Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/blood , Humans , Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/blood , Interleukin-1/blood , Interleukin-10/blood , Interleukin-6/blood , Kinetics , Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/blood , Male , Muscle, Skeletal/physiology , P-Selectin/blood , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/analysis , Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/blood , Weight Lifting
10.
J Commun Disord ; 33(2): 111-27; quiz 128-9, 2000.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10834829

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to investigate distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) in young normal-hearing children with sickle cell disease (SCD). It was hypothesized that the prevalence of DPOAEs and response amplitudes would be lower than those in children with normal hemoglobin due to suspected compromised cochlear function as a result of vaso-occlusive events characteristic of SCD. Twenty African-American children with SCD and 15 African-American children with normal hemoglobin participated. Distortion product OAEs were evoked by 13 primary tone pairs with f2 frequencies ranging from 1000 to 4500 Hz. The primary tones were presented at L1 and L2 levels of 70 and 60 dB SPL (high) and 50 and 40 dB SPL (low), respectively. The findings of this study were completely unexpected and contrary to our original hypotheses. The likelihood of detecting a DPOAE response was not related to the clinical status of the children. Distortion product OAE amplitudes were significantly larger for children with SCD (p =.01).


Subject(s)
Anemia, Sickle Cell/complications , Homozygote , Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous/physiology , Adolescent , Audiometry, Pure-Tone/methods , Auditory Threshold/physiology , Child , Cochlea/physiopathology , Female , Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/diagnosis , Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/physiopathology , Humans , Male , Sensitivity and Specificity
11.
Neurosci Lett ; 283(2): 105-8, 2000 Apr 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10739886

ABSTRACT

The present project investigated the electrophysiologic effects of auditory competition on components of the late auditory evoked potential (LAEP). A group of 12 young female listeners attended to deviant tones interspersed among frequent tones in one ear while trains of deviant and frequent tones of a different frequency were either present or absent at the opposite ear. Comparison of event-related potential (ERP) waveforms with competition- and attention-related difference waves revealed evidence that the neural effects of competition were not simply a moderation of the effects of selective attention (i.e. the processing negativity). The two difference waves exhibited amplitude peaks that were not mirror-images with respect to polarity. This suggests the existence of a unique underlying neural process that is responsible for the effects of competition on the LAEP.


Subject(s)
Attention/physiology , Brain/physiology , Evoked Potentials, Auditory/physiology , Acoustic Stimulation , Adult , Electrophysiology/methods , Evoked Potentials/physiology , Female , Functional Laterality/physiology , Humans
12.
J Pediatr ; 135(3): 345-50, 1999 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10484801

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that a single dose of dexamethasone given soon after delivery to infants <28 weeks' gestation leads to improved cardiopulmonary adaptation in the first week and lowers the risk of significant intraventricular hemorrhage. METHODS: In a prospective, blinded, placebo-controlled study, we randomly assigned 70 infants <28 weeks' gestation who were born in the hospital to receive dexamethasone (0.2 mg/kg) (n = 37) or normal saline solution (n = 33) within 2 hours of delivery. After an interim analysis showed that the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage was much lower than expected, enrollment was stopped and we limited our analysis to a comparison of ventilator settings, blood pressure, and pressor use during the first 7 days. RESULTS: Clinical characteristics of the groups were comparable at study entry. Ventilator weaning occurred more rapidly in the patients who received dexamethasone: their intermittent mandatory ventilation rate was significantly lower on days 1 through 6, and their peak inspiratory pressure was lower on days 3 through 7 compared with the control group. Mean blood pressures were higher in the dexamethasone group within 12 hours and remained higher through day 5, but the use of pressors was not different. Fewer infants in the dexamethasone group received indomethacin to treat a patent ductus arteriosus (22% vs 47%, P <.03). CONCLUSION: Dexamethasone given within 2 hours of delivery to preterm infants <28 weeks' gestation resulted in lower ventilator settings and higher mean blood pressures during the first 7 days. Fewer infants required indomethacin to treat a patent ductus arteriosus.


Subject(s)
Adaptation, Physiological/drug effects , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena/drug effects , Cerebral Hemorrhage/prevention & control , Cerebral Ventricles , Dexamethasone/therapeutic use , Infant, Premature, Diseases/prevention & control , Respiratory Physiological Phenomena/drug effects , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Cause of Death , Cerebral Hemorrhage/mortality , Dexamethasone/pharmacology , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Premature, Diseases/mortality , Male , Postnatal Care/methods , Prospective Studies , Single-Blind Method , Time Factors
13.
Int J Sports Med ; 19(6): 432-7, 1998 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9774212

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to compare blood markers associated with eccentrically biased exercise and muscle damage, after two bouts of downhill running. Nine active, untrained males performed 2 x 45 min bouts of downhill running (-0.16 radians), at a speed that would elicit 70% of each subjects VO2max, on a level grade; runs were spaced 14d apart (RUN1, RUN2). Blood samples were obtained before, after, and every hour for 12 h after exercise, as well as every 24 h for 5 d, to assess numbers of circulating neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes, serum cortisol, creatine kinase (CK); subjective sensations of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) were monitored. To control for diurnal variation, two weeks prior to the RUN1, subjects had blood draws performed at the same time as would occur after exercise, but did no exercise (CONTROL). During the 5 d after exercise, DOMS and CK were significantly greater (p < 0.05) after RUN1 compared to RUN2 and CONTROL. During the 12 h after RUN1 and RUN2, neutrophils showed similar responses compared to CONTROL. However, neutrophils were significantly elevated at 96 h after RUN1 and 24 h after RUN2. Monocytes were significantly elevated during 5-11 h after RUN1 and RUN2, compared to CONTROL. Cortisol showed a similar significant diurnal decrease for all three conditions during the 12 h following exercise. The significantly lower levels of CK and DOMS seen after RUN2, compared with the initial run is consistent with the literature. The similar changes in neutrophils and monocytes during the 12 h following RUN1 and RUN2, followed by disparate responses over the subsequent 5 d, requires further investigation.


Subject(s)
Leukocyte Count , Running/physiology , Adult , Analysis of Variance , Circadian Rhythm , Creatine Kinase/blood , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Hydrocortisone/blood , Lymphocyte Count , Male , Monocytes/cytology , Muscle Contraction/physiology , Muscle, Skeletal/pathology , Muscle, Skeletal/physiology , Neutrophils/cytology , Oxygen Consumption/physiology , Pain/physiopathology , Plasma Volume , Time Factors
14.
Am J Clin Nutr ; 64(6): 866-70, 1996 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8942410

ABSTRACT

A double-blind crossover study comparing the effect of aged garlic extract with a placebo on blood lipids was performed in a group of 41 moderately hypercholesterolemic men [cholesterol concentrations 5.7-7.5 mmol/L (220-290 mg/dL)]. After a 4-wk baseline period, during which the subjects were advised to adhere to a National Cholesterol Education Program Step I diet, they were started on 7.2 g aged garlic extract per day or an equivalent amount of placebo as a dietary supplement for a period of 6 mo, then switched to the other supplement for an additional 4 mo. Blood lipids, blood counts, thyroid and liver function measures, body weight, and blood pressure were followed over the entire study period. The major findings were a maximal reduction in total serum cholesterol of 6.1% or 7.0% in comparison with the average concentration during the placebo administration or baseline evaluation period, respectively. Low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol was also decreased by aged garlic extract, 4% when compared with average baseline values and 4.6% in comparison with placebo period concentrations. In addition, there was a 5.5% decrease in systolic blood pressure and a modest reduction of diastolic blood pressure in response to aged garlic extract. We conclude that dietary supplementation with aged garlic extract has beneficial effects on the lipid profile and blood pressure of moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects.


Subject(s)
Garlic , Hypercholesterolemia/blood , Lipids/blood , Plants, Medicinal , Adult , Aged , Blood Pressure/physiology , Body Weight/physiology , Cholesterol/blood , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Cross-Over Studies , Double-Blind Method , Humans , Hypercholesterolemia/physiopathology , Liver/physiology , Male , Middle Aged , Thyroid Gland/physiology , Triglycerides/blood
15.
J Immunol ; 157(9): 4173-80, 1996 Nov 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8892655

ABSTRACT

We investigated the effects of IL-12 on a murine model of allergic lung inflammation. Administration of IL-12 was timed to interfere with either allergic sensitization (early dosage) or the hypersensitivity inflammatory response in the lung (late dosage), or both (early and late dosages). Comparisons of IL-12- and PBS-treated animals within each treatment group revealed several noticeable effects of IL-12. Early dosage, and the combination of early and late dosages, strikingly decreased ragweed-specific serum IgE, tracheal ring reactivity to acetylcholine, and BAL eosinophilia following allergen challenge. In contrast, late dosage had no effect on IgE levels and only a minimal effect on tracheal ring reactivity, but had a modest effect on recruitment of eosinophils. Early dosage down-regulated IL-5 and IL-10, but did not alter IL-4 or IFN-gamma expression. Late dosage down-regulated IL-5, up-regulated IL-10 and IFN-gamma, but did not change IL-4 expression. The combination of early and late dosage down-regulated IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 expression, but increased IFN-gamma expression and production in the BAL cells and fluids. Taken together, these results indicate that IL-12 has potent immunomodulatory effects on allergic lung inflammation that depend on the timing of IL-12 administration relative to allergic sensitization and allergen challenge.


Subject(s)
Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology , Cytokines/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Immunoglobulin E/biosynthesis , Interleukin-12/pharmacology , Lung/drug effects , Respiratory Hypersensitivity/immunology , Acetylcholine/pharmacology , Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage , Allergens/immunology , Animals , Asthma , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/chemistry , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology , Cytokines/biosynthesis , Cytokines/genetics , Drug Administration Schedule , Female , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Immunization , Immunoglobulin E/genetics , Immunologic Memory , Interleukin-12/administration & dosage , Lung/pathology , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Pollen , Th1 Cells/immunology , Th1 Cells/metabolism , Th2 Cells/immunology , Th2 Cells/metabolism , Trachea/drug effects , Trachea/physiopathology
16.
J Perinatol ; 15(4): 325-9, 1995.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8558343

ABSTRACT

We evaluated early social risk assessment as a predictor of cognitive development in high-risk infants. A social worker assessed social risk in 122 infants before discharge from a neonatal intensive care unit. Infants were evaluated at ages 12 and 36 months adjusted for prematurity. We found no difference in 12-month cognitive development among medical, neurologic, or social risk groups. However, from 12 to 36 months there was a significant decline in mean developmental quotient in the groups with social risk alone, neurologic and social risk, and medical and social risk, but not in the groups with medical or neurologic risks without social risk. Social risk assessment correctly predicted 36-month cognitive outcome in 71% of infants who had normal findings at 12 months. We conclude that neonatal social risk assessment can help identify infants at highest risk for cognitive retardation and is particularly important for infants who have medical or neurologic problems.


Subject(s)
Child Development , Cognition Disorders/etiology , Failure to Thrive , Chi-Square Distribution , Child Development/physiology , Child, Preschool , Cognition Disorders/diagnosis , Cognition Disorders/epidemiology , Cognition Disorders/physiopathology , Failure to Thrive/diagnosis , Failure to Thrive/epidemiology , Failure to Thrive/physiopathology , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Intensive Care Units, Neonatal , Male , North Carolina , Risk Assessment , Social Work , Socioeconomic Factors
17.
Br J Sports Med ; 28(4): 267-71, 1994 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7894959

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to determine if there were any beneficial or detrimental effects regarding delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), serum creatine kinase (CK), and maximum concentric strength at 80% of 1-RMconc, if a bout of eccentric exercise was repeated at 48 h after an initial bout. A secondary purpose was to determine whether unaccustomed eccentrics might affect plasma cholesterol (TC). Twenty-six men were randomly assigned to a control (Group 1) or experimental group (Group 2). Both groups performed three sets (12 repetitions per set) of the eccentric phase of a chest press, at 80% of one repetition maximum (1-RMconc); Group 2 repeated this exercise 48 h later. DOMS and CK were measured before, and every 24 h for 8 days after; TC was measured before, and every 24 h for 4 days. Maximum strength during the concentric phase of a chest press (1-RMconc) was measured before and at 48-h intervals after. A repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a significant time effect (P < 0.05) for DOMS, CK and strength, but no significant difference between groups (P < 0.05). An interesting finding was the significant (P < 0.05) reduction in TC at 24, 48 and 72 h, after exercise in both groups, which we hypothesized was associated with cellular repair. From these results we concluded that when a bout of eccentrics is repeated 48 h after an initial bout, there is no change in the characteristic time-course and/or intensity of DOMS, CK or 1-RMconc.


Subject(s)
Creatine Kinase/blood , Muscle Contraction/physiology , Muscle, Skeletal/physiology , Pain/physiopathology , Weight Lifting/physiology , Adult , Analysis of Variance , Cholesterol/blood , Humans , Male , Muscle, Skeletal/enzymology , Time Factors
18.
J Orthop Sports Phys Ther ; 19(2): 93-9, 1994 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8148868

ABSTRACT

It was hypothesized that athletic massage administered 2 hours after eccentric exercise would disrupt an initial crucial event in acute inflammation, the accumulation of neutrophils. This would result in a diminished inflammatory response and a concomitant reduction in delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and serum creatine kinase (CK). Untrained males were randomly assigned to a massage (N = 7) or control (N = 7) group. All performed five sets of isokinetic eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors and extensors. Two hours after exercise, massage subjects received a 30-minute athletic massage; control subjects rested. Delayed onset muscle soreness and CK were assessed before exercise and at 8, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after exercise. Circulating neutrophils were assessed before and immediately after exercise, and at 30-minute intervals for 8 hours; cortisol was assessed before and immediately after exercise, and at 30-minute intervals for 8 hours; cortisol was assessed at similar times. A trend analysis revealed a significant (p < 0.05) treatment by time interaction effect for 1) DOMS, with the massage group reporting reduced levels; 2) CK, with the massage group displaying reduced levels; 3) neutrophils, with the massage group displaying a prolonged elevation; and 4) cortisol, with the massage group showing a diminished diurnal reduction. The results of this study suggest that sports massage will reduce DOMS and CK when administered 2 hours after the termination of eccentric exercise. This may be due to a reduced emigration of neutrophils and/or higher levels of serum cortisol.


Subject(s)
Creatine Kinase/blood , Exercise/physiology , Isometric Contraction/physiology , Massage , Neutrophils/immunology , Pain Measurement , Adult , Humans , Hydrocortisone/blood , Leukocyte Count , Male , Myositis/physiopathology
19.
Metabolism ; 40(7): 714-9, 1991 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1870425

ABSTRACT

Many cross-sectional studies have demonstrated the influences of fitness level or the regional distribution of fat on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism; however, the relative contribution of these two variables in the same subjects has not been extensively examined. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of regional adiposity on plasma lipids and carbohydrate metabolism in middle- to older-aged men with a wide range of fitness levels. Forty-six sedentary and exercise-trained men (age [mean +/- SE], 52.8 +/- 0.88 years) were included in this study. Fitness level was assessed by (a) time to exhaustion, and (2) maximal oxygen uptake achieved during an incremental treadmill test. Plasma lipid levels were determined in the basal, fasting state. Carbohydrate metabolism was evaluated by the glucose and insulin responses (total glucose and insulin areas under the curve, insulin sensitivity index [ISI]) to a 75-g, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Abdomen to hip ratio (AHR) was used as the index of regional adiposity. Multiple regression analysis indicated that fitness level and the percentage of body fat were significant predictors (approximately 56% of total variance) for total insulin area under the curve and the ISI. A comparison between the sedentary and trained subjects showed that training resulted in an improved ISI at an equal AHR. Fitness level was also the only significant multiple regression predictor for high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (25% of total variance) and accounted for the greatest amount of variance in triglyceride levels (34%), although AHR was also a significant predictor (6%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Subject(s)
Adipose Tissue/anatomy & histology , Aging/physiology , Carbohydrate Metabolism , Lipids/blood , Physical Fitness , Abdomen/anatomy & histology , Aged , Aging/blood , Aging/metabolism , Anthropometry , Glucose Tolerance Test , Hip/anatomy & histology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Oxygen Consumption
20.
Int J Obes ; 15(3): 181-8, 1991 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2045211

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to determine which method of measuring waist to hip ratio (WHR) was the most effective in assessing decrements associated with an abdominal fat distribution in 46 non-obese, middle to older aged men (mean +/- s.e., age 52.8 +/- 0.88 years; body fat 19.7 +/- 0.72 percent). Circumferences were obtained at the following sites and WHR calculated (waist circumference/hip circumference): (1) minimal waist/maximal hip; (2) level of umbilicus/maximal hip; (3) level of umbilicus/level of greater trochanters; (4) level of umbilicus/level of superior iliac spine; and (5) level of 1/3 of the distance between the xiphiod process and umbilicus/level 4 cm below the superior iliac spine. Significant (P less than 0.05) associations were observed for measurement methods 1, 2 and 3 with indices of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, body composition, and fitness level. Measurement method 5 was not related to any metabolic or physiological variables, while measurement method 4 was intermediate in terms of the strength of the associations. These findings suggest that the predictive strength of WHR can vary depending upon the measurement method used.


Subject(s)
Anthropometry/methods , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Coronary Disease/etiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology , Lipids/blood , Obesity/etiology , Body Composition/physiology , Body Mass Index , Cholesterol/blood , Coronary Disease/blood , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood , Glucose Tolerance Test , Humans , Insulin Resistance/physiology , Lipoproteins, HDL/blood , Lipoproteins, LDL/blood , Male , Middle Aged , Obesity/blood , Oxygen/blood , Physical Fitness/physiology , Risk Factors , Triglycerides/blood
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