Measurement of glucocorticoids in biological fluids.

The background to the physiological production of glucocorticoids is described as well as their concentrations in some biological fluids. Detailed methods are described for the collection, storage, and preparation of samples and for the immunoassay techniques for some common steroids in serum, urine, and saliva. Alternative methods (high-performance liquid chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) that have greater specificity and/or sensitivity are also discussed, together with automated procedures able to analyse large numbers of samples rapidly. Information and references are presented on the analysis of less commonly measured glucocorticoids, including synthetic steroids such as dexamethasone and prednisolone.

The long-term predictive accuracy of the short synacthen (corticotropin) stimulation test for assessment of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

CONTEXT: The high-dose short Synacthen (corticotropin) test (SST) is widely used to investigate suspected secondary adrenal insufficiency, but concern remains about falsely reassuring results. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to evaluate the long-term safety of the SST. METHOD: We retrospectively evaluated the clinical outcome in 178 patients who achieved 30-min cortisol values in the lowest 15th percentile of normal healthy responses. Thirty patients were later excluded because of missing case notes (20 patients) or unsubstantiated pituitary pathology (10 patients). The remaining 148 patients were divided into two groups: group 1, patients with cortisol response between the 5th and 15th percentiles of normal response (551-635 nmol/liter, 98 patients); and group 2, patients with borderline response between the 2.5th and 5th percentiles (510-550 nmol/liter, 50 patients). Patients did not receive routine glucocorticoid therapy, but those in group 2 were advised to take hydrocortisone in case of intercurrent illness. RESULTS: The median follow-up period from the initial SST was 4.2 yr (range, 4 months to 7 yr). A total of 137 patients showed no clinical or biochemical evidence of adrenal insufficiency during follow-up. Of the remaining 11 patients, seven became hypoadrenal after subsequent pituitary surgery or radiotherapy, one patient in group 1 developed adrenal insufficiency at 2 yr, and one patient in group 2 developed adrenal insufficiency at 6 months. The other two patients who were in group 2 had clinical diagnostic uncertainty. CONCLUSION: The high-dose SST is safe for the purpose of excluding clinically significant secondary adrenal insufficiency and is indicated as the first line of investigation for this purpose.

Weight loss increases 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 expression in human adipose tissue.

The global epidemic of obesity has heightened the need to understand the mechanisms that underpin its pathogenesis. Clinical observations in patients with Cushing's syndrome have highlighted the link between cortisol and central obesity. However, although circulating cortisol levels are normal or reduced in obesity, local regeneration of cortisol, from inactive cortisone, by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11betaHSD1) has been postulated as a pathogenic mechanism. Although levels of expression of 11betaHSD1 in adipose tissue in human obesity are debated in the literature, global inhibition of 11betaHSD1 improves insulin sensitivity. We have determined the effects of significant weight loss on cortisol metabolism and adipose tissue 11betaHSD1 expression after 10-wk ingestion of a very low calorie diet in 12 obese patients (six men and six women; body mass index, 35.9 +/- 0.9 kg/m2; mean +/- SE). All patients achieved significant weight loss (14.1 +/- 1.3% of initial body weight). Total fat mass fell from 41.8 +/- 1.9 to 32.0 +/- 1.7 kg (P < 0.0001). In addition, fat-free mass decreased (64.4 +/- 3.4 to 58.9 +/- 2.9 kg; P < 0.0001) and systolic blood pressure and total cholesterol also fell [systolic blood pressure, 135 +/- 5 to 121 +/- 5 mm Hg (P < 0.01); total cholesterol, 5.4 +/- 0.2 to 4.8 +/- 0.2 mmol/liter (P < 0.05)]. The serum cortisol/cortisone ratio increased after weight loss (P < 0.01). 11betaHSD1 mRNA expression in isolated adipocytes increased 3.4-fold (P < 0.05). Decreased 11betaHSD1 activity and expression in obesity may act as a compensatory mechanism to enhance insulin sensitivity through a reduction in tissue-specific cortisol concentrations. Inhibition of 11betaHSD1 may therefore be a novel, therapeutic strategy for insulin sensitization.

Low-dose growth hormone inhibits 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 but has no effect upon fat mass in patients with simple obesity.

GH has potent effects on adipocyte biology, stimulating lipolysis but also promoting preadipocyte proliferation. In addition, GH, acting through IGF-I, inhibits 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11 beta-HSD1), which converts the inactive glucocorticoid, cortisone (E), to active cortisol (F) in adipose tissue. Although F is an essential requirement for adipocyte differentiation, it also inhibits preadipocyte proliferation. We hypothesized that inhibition of 11 beta-HSD1 activity in adipose tissue by GH may alter fat tissue mass through changes in local F concentrations. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study using low-dose GH (Genotropin 0.4 mg/d) for 8 months in 24 patients with obesity. Although GH treatment significantly raised IGF-I, we were unable to demonstrate significant differences in body composition or metabolic profiles between GH- and placebo-treated groups. In addition, there was no alteration in total fat mass over time in the GH-treated group [total fat mass 41.0 +/- 3.0 vs. 41.3 +/- 3.4 kg (8 months), mean +/- SE, P = ns]. However, in comparison with baseline values, systolic blood pressure increased (119 +/- 3 vs. 130 +/- 4 mm Hg, P < 0.05 vs. baseline) and serum F/E ratio decreased (6.1 +/- 0.5 vs. 3.9 +/- 0.5, P < 0.05 vs. baseline) in the GH-treated group only. Furthermore, although the urinary tetrahydrometabolites of F/E ratio fell in the GH-treated group, it rose in the placebo group (mean ratio change, -0.13 +/- 0.05 vs. +0.09 +/- 0.09, GH vs. placebo, P = 0.07). Treatment with low-dose GH in obesity fails to alter fat mass despite a significant elevation in IGF-I and a shift in the global set point of E to F conversion consistent with inhibition of 11 beta-HSD1.

Absence of Cushingoid phenotype in a patient with Cushing's disease due to defective cortisone to cortisol conversion.

Cushing's syndrome invariably presents with a classical phenotype comprising central adiposity, prominence of dorsal, supraclavicular and temporal fat pads, bruising, abdominal striae, proximal myopathy, and hypertension. We report the case of a 20-yr-old student with pituitary-dependent Cushing's syndrome who was spared this classical phenotype because of a defect in the peripheral conversion of cortisone to cortisol. She presented to her general practitioner with secondary amenorrhea. Clinical examination revealed normal fat distribution (body mass index, 20.9 kg/m(2)), absence of hirsutism, myopathy, or bruising; her blood pressure ranged from 115/70 to 122/82 mm Hg. She was investigated for biochemical hypercortisolemia because of a mildly elevated random circulating cortisol (serum cortisol, 661 nmol/liter). Cushing's syndrome was confirmed on the basis of repeatedly elevated urinary free cortisols (831-1049; reference range, <350 nmol/24 h), failure of low-dose dexamethasone suppression (611 nmol/liter) and loss of circadian cortisol secretion. Investigations suggested Cushing's disease; there was suppression after high-dose dexamethasone (<20 nmol/liter) and a 950% increase in ACTH after stimulation with CRH. Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 3-mm adenoma within the pituitary gland. Urinary corticosteroid metabolites were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and demonstrated a decreased THF+allo-THF/THE ratio of 0.66 (mean +/- SE in Cushing's disease, 1.74 +/- 0.24) suggesting a defect in 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1), an enzyme that converts the inactive glucocorticoid cortisone to active cortisol. Transphenoidal microadenomectomy was performed, and histology confirmed the diagnosis of a corticotroph adenoma. Postoperatively, serum cortisol was undetectable and replacement therapy was commenced. Subsequent investigations revealed a significantly impaired ability to convert an oral dose of cortisone acetate (25 mg) to cortisol, reduced serum cortisol to cortisone ratios, and a reduced serum half-life for cortisol (57.3 min). These results provide strong evidence for a partial defect in 11beta-HSD1 activity and concomitant increase in cortisol clearance rate. We have described a case of Cushing's disease that failed to present with a classical phenotype, and we postulate that this is due to a partial defect of 11beta-HSD1 activity, the defect in cortisone to cortisol conversion increasing cortisol clearance and thus protecting the patient from the effects of cortisol excess. This observation may help to explain individual susceptibility to the adverse effects of glucocorticoids.