Advanced 3D Visualization and 3D Printing in Radiology.

Since the discovery of X-rays in 1895, medical imaging systems have played a crucial role in medicine by permitting the visualization of internal structures and understanding the function of organ systems. Traditional imaging modalities including Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Ultrasound (US) present fixed two-dimensional (2D) images which are difficult to conceptualize complex anatomy. Advanced volumetric medical imaging allows for three-dimensional (3D) image post-processing and image segmentation to be performed, enabling the creation of 3D volume renderings and enhanced visualization of pertinent anatomic structures in 3D. Furthermore, 3D imaging is used to generate 3D printed models and extended reality (augmented reality and virtual reality) models. A 3D image translates medical imaging information into a visual story rendering complex data and abstract ideas into an easily understood and tangible concept. Clinicians use 3D models to comprehend complex anatomical structures and to plan and guide surgical interventions more precisely. This chapter will review the volumetric radiological techniques that are commonly utilized for advanced 3D visualization. It will also provide examples of 3D printing and extended reality technology applications in radiology and describe the positive impact of advanced radiological image visualization on patient care.

IgG4-Related Disease: A Constellation of Abdominal Manifestations.

IgG4-related disease is an autoimmune condition that results in inflammation and fibrosis throughout multiple organ systems. This disease is rare; however, it can mimic many more prevalent conditions clinically and thus should be included in their differential diagnoses. Although autoimmune pancreatitis is the most common abdominal manifestation, the disease can afflict the hepatobiliary, vascular and renal systems as well. We present a case of a 78-year-old male with symptoms of chronic fatigue and weight loss. Imaging was performed with the expectation of revealing a malignancy, although the features of IgG4-related disease involving multiple organs were detected instead. Serology confirmed the diagnosis. It is imperative to diagnose IgG4-related disease early as it has a different treatment and favorable prognosis compared to many malignancies.

Review of COVID-19, part 2: Musculoskeletal and neuroimaging manifestations including vascular involvement of the aorta and extremities.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has affected almost every country in the world resulting in severe morbidity, mortality and economic hardship, altering the landscape of healthcare forever. Its devastating and most frequent thoracic and cardiac manifestations have been well reported since the start of the pandemic. Its extra-thoracic manifestations are myriad and understanding them is critical in diagnosis and disease management. The role of radiology is growing in the second wave and second year of the pandemic as the multiorgan manifestations of COVID-19 continue to unfold. Musculoskeletal, neurologic and vascular disease processes account for a significant number of COVID-19 complications and understanding their frequency, clinical sequelae and imaging manifestations is vital in guiding management and improving overall survival. The authors aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiology of the virus along with a detailed and systematic imaging review of the extra-thoracic manifestation of COVID-19. In Part I, abdominal manifestations of COVID-19 in adults and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children will be reviewed. In Part II, manifestations of COVID-19 in the musculoskeletal, central nervous and vascular systems will be reviewed.

Review of COVID-19, part 1: Abdominal manifestations in adults and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID -19) pandemic caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has affected almost every country in the world, resulting in severe morbidity, mortality and economic hardship, and altering the landscape of healthcare forever. Although primarily a pulmonary illness, it can affect multiple organ systems throughout the body, sometimes with devastating complications and long-term sequelae. As we move into the second year of this pandemic, a better understanding of the pathophysiology of the virus and the varied imaging findings of COVID-19 in the involved organs is crucial to better manage this complex multi-organ disease and to help improve overall survival. This manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiology of the virus along with a detailed and systematic imaging review of the extra-thoracic manifestation of COVID-19 with the exception of unique cardiothoracic features associated with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). In Part I, extra-thoracic manifestations of COVID-19 in the abdomen in adults and features of MIS-C will be reviewed. In Part II, manifestations of COVID-19 in the musculoskeletal, central nervous and vascular systems will be reviewed.

Current state of radiology report release in electronic patient portals.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study is to evaluate the current practice patterns of radiology report release into electronic patient portals. METHODS: A survey to assess details of radiology report release was distributed to members of The Association of Administrators in Academic Radiology across the United States. Numerical analysis was used to calculate the frequencies and percentages for the clinical site, frequency and pattern of patient portal use were calculated. Statistical analysis determined the percentages and frequencies for the clinical site, frequency and pattern of patient portal use, as well as statistical differences. RESULTS: A total of 31 (response rate = 28%, 31/108) at least partially completed surveys were received. Most (29/31, 94%) sites reported having a patient portal available with 80% (12/15) reporting < 50% patient utilization. There were no significant (p > 0.05) geographical differences noted in percentage utilization. Seventy-eight percent (21/27) of sites reported some form of automatic radiology report release into their portal. Mean delay was 4 days (range 0-7) from report completion to portal release. No correlation (r = 2) was seen between percentage of patient utilization of portals and timing of radiology report release. CONCLUSION: Most academic centers across the country have patient portals, however, most of these centers report less than 50% utilization of the portals by patients. While variability in radiology report release in patient portals was noted, the majority (78%) of academic medical centers have some form of automatic report release with average delay of 4 days between report completion to portal release.

Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) v2018: Review of the CT/MRI Diagnostic Categories.

Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) is a comprehensive system that provides standardization in the interpretation and reporting of observations in patients at risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI) LI-RADS v2018 includes 8 diagnostic categories, which reflect the probability of benignity, malignancy in general, or HCC specifically. This article reviews the diagnostic categories of CT/MRI LI-RADS v2018, highlighting the key imaging features, diagnostic criteria, and management implications.

Outcomes of Serial Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Subsequent Biopsy in Men with Low-risk Prostate Cancer Managed with Active Surveillance.

BACKGROUND: Outcomes of serial multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and subsequent biopsy in monitoring prostate cancer (PCa) in men on active surveillance (AS) have not been defined clearly. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether changes in serial mpMRI can predict pathological upgrade among men with grade group (GG) 1 PCa managed with AS. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective analysis of men with GG1 on AS with at least two consecutive mpMRI examinations during 2012-2018 who underwent mpMRI/ultrasound fusion or systematic biopsies. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Progression on serial mpMRI was evaluated as a predictor of pathological upgrading to GG≥2 on a follow-up biopsy using clinical, pathological, and imaging factors in binary logistic regression. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy were determined. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Of 122 patients, 29 men (23.8%) experienced pathological upgrade on the follow-up biopsy. Progression on mpMRI was not associated with pathological upgrade. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of mpMRI progression for predicting pathological upgrade were 41.3%, 54.8%, 22.2%, and 75%, respectively. Age (odds ratio [OR] 1.17, p=0.006), Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) score on initial mpMRI (4-5 vs ≤3, OR 7.48, p=0.01), number of positive systematic cores (OR 1.84, p=0.03), number of positive targeted cores (OR 0.44, p=0.04), and maximum percent of targeted core tumor involvement (OR 1.04, p=0.01) were significantly associated with pathological upgrade. CONCLUSIONS: We did not observe an association between mpMRI progression and pathological upgrade; however, a PI-RADS score of 4-5 on initial mpMRI was predictive of subsequent pathological progression. The continued use of systematic and fusion biopsies appears necessary due to risks of reclassification over time. PATIENT SUMMARY: Progression on serial multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging during active surveillance (AS) is not associated with progression on the follow-up biopsy. Both systematic and fusion biopsies are necessary to sufficiently capture progression during AS.

Adult-Onset Idiopathic Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis Associated With Osteoglophonic Dysplasia and HIV: Case Report and Review of Literature.

Adult-onset hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) is a rare anomaly that can be idiopathic or related to underlying gastric pathology. We describe a case of a 25-year-old man with history of human immunodeficiency virus and osteoglophonic dysplasia who presented with pain and swelling at a gastrostomy site. Computed tomography and upper gastrointestinal barium swallow demonstrated gastric distention and stricture at the distal portion of the gastric antrum. An ultrasound detected HPS. The patient eventually required pyloromyotomy for treatment. Human immunodeficiency virus infection has numerous gastrointestinal ramifications, but HPS has not been identified as one. Osteoglophonic dysplasia has not been an established risk factor for HPS. Idiopathic HPS is extremely rare in adults, but should be considered in this population when patients present with gastric outlet obstruction.