ABSTRACT
Promoting adult hippocampal neurogenesis is expected to induce neuroplastic changes that improve mood and alleviate anxiety. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown and the hypothesis itself is controversial. Here we show that mice lacking Jnk1, or c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor-treated mice, display increased neurogenesis in adult hippocampus characterized by enhanced cell proliferation and survival, and increased maturation in the ventral region. Correspondingly, anxiety behaviour is reduced in a battery of tests, except when neurogenesis is prevented by AraC treatment. Using engineered retroviruses, we show that exclusive inhibition of JNK in adult-born granule cells alleviates anxiety and reduces depressive-like behaviour. These data validate the neurogenesis hypothesis of anxiety. Moreover, they establish a causal role for JNK in the hippocampal neurogenic niche and anxiety behaviour, and advocate targeting of JNK as an avenue for novel therapies against affective disorders.
Subject(s)
Anxiety/etiology , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8/metabolism , Neurogenesis/physiology , Affect , Animals , Anxiety/physiopathology , Anxiety Disorders/etiology , Anxiety Disorders/metabolism , Behavior, Animal , Cell Proliferation , Depression/etiology , Depression/physiopathology , Hippocampus/metabolism , Hippocampus/physiology , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8/genetics , Neurogenesis/genetics , Neuronal Plasticity/physiology , Neurons/physiologyABSTRACT
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.203.
ABSTRACT
The demand for alternative methods in lieu of silicone implants has been increasing for quite some time. Whereas saline implants have been in use in the United States for a number of years, I describe in detail a new variation of the established latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap and its application in breast augmentation. A small strip of the latissimus dorsi muscle is utilized as a pedicled deepithelialized dermis and fat flap just sufficient to support the thoracodorsal vessels, leaving the major part of the muscle functionally intact. In 13 patients 20 flaps were transposed by this method. The time required for the operation was reduced to less than 1 hour for each breast. Results suggest that the operation can be a true alternative to implants.
