How service users become empowered in human service organizations: the empowerment model.

This article presents an empowerment model (EM) to be used by service users in human service organizations (HSOs). The EM is a structure for service user input to be integrated within the HSO at various administrative levels through a four-step sequential process. The article fills a distinct void in the literature as there are numerous accounts about the importance of empowerment, but few on processes that need to be defined to operationalize the concept. Implications are directed toward administrators as they need to take leadership in implementing the EM in order to deliver more efficient and relevant services to their clients.

Obstacles to conducting program evaluations: implications for public health evaluators.

This article presents a number of obstacles to conducting program evaluations which include: the "word" evaluation itself, the politics of evaluation, inadequate resources, the tendency of organizations to resist change, and a lack of understanding of the context of program evaluations. Underpinning these obstacles is the longstanding definitional dilemma between program evaluation and social science research. Although the article's implications are directed toward public health evaluators, they are generalizable to other evaluators in other disciplines. These obstacles highlight the fact that a major role of any evaluator is to confront and negotiate successfully around them.

Social and public policy analysis: a niche for social work practice.

This article provides front line social work practitioners with a mechanism for becoming more meaningfully involved in social and public policy analysis. It suggests that a new entry point for shaping policy formulation should occur earlier on in the problem identification stage of the rational policymaking process. The article offers a series of process questions to guide this approach and contends that practitioners have the necessary knowledge and skills to effect the various role expectations required of them in this regard.

A proposed cost effectiveness method for use in policy formulation in human service organizations.

This article builds on a previous publication and presents additional information on how cost effectiveness analysis may be used by policy and decision-makers in human service organizations (HSO's). It presents a brief history of the use of cost effectiveness analysis to demonstrate its efficacy in assisting policy makers in a variety of fields. It then comparatively describes two of the best known cost effective methods--cost benefit analysis (CBA) and cost effective analysis (CEA), and argues that the latter is the more appropriate method to be used to effect policy decisions in HSO's. The discussion centres around refining the limitations of the CEA method and proposes a simple model for use in this regard. Recommendations and implications are directed toward managers, administrators and decision-makers of HSO's. Finally, the article is attempting to fill a distinct void in the literature in this field and also suggests the use of more meaningful policy formulation and analyses methods in HSO's.

Using cost-effectiveness analysis in policy formulation in human service organizations.

This article describes how decision-makers may use a relatively simple cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) method in policy formulation in human service organizations. The main contention of this article is that decision-makers need to know how to better effect policy decisions based on quantitative data. CEA is a decision-making tool which has been used sparingly in human service organizations, even though it is considered to be extremely useful in developing rational, cost-effective programs for the future. The paper describes the CEA model in a sequential step-by-step fashion and discusses its analytic processes and how it measures the costs and effects of human service programs. The conclusions and recommendations are targeted at decision-makers in human service organizations and stress the importance of obtaining accurate, reliable and useful cost-effectiveness data.