Justification of Drug Product Dissolution Rate and Drug Substance Particle Size Specifications Based on Absorption PBPK Modeling for Lesinurad Immediate Release Tablets.

In silico absorption modeling has been performed, to assess the impact of in vitro dissolution on in vivo performance for ZURAMPIC (lesinurad) tablets. The dissolution profiles of lesinurad tablets generated using the quality control method were used as an input to a GastroPlus model to estimate in vivo dissolution in the various parts of the GI tract and predict human exposure. A model was set up, which accounts for differences of dosage form transit, dissolution, local pH in the GI tract, and fluid volumes available for dissolution. The predictive ability of the model was demonstrated by confirming that it can reproduce the Cmax observed for independent clinical trial. The model also indicated that drug product batches that pass the proposed dissolution specification of Q = 80% in 30 min are anticipated to be bioequivalent to the clinical reference batch. To further explore the dissolution space, additional simulations were performed using a theoretical dissolution profile below the proposed specification. The GastroPlus modeling indicates that such a batch will also be bioequivalent to standard clinical batches despite having a dissolution profile, which would fail the proposed dissolution specification of Q = 80% in 30 min. This demonstrates that the proposed dissolution specification sits comfortably within a region of dissolution performance where bioequivalence is anticipated and is not near an edge of failure for dissolution, providing additional confidence to the proposed specifications. Finally, simulations were performed using a virtual drug substance batch with a particle size distribution at the limit of the proposed specification for particle size. Based on these simulations, such a batch is also anticipated to be bioequivalent to clinical reference, demonstrating that the proposed specification limits for particle size distribution would give products bioequivalent to the pivotal clinical batches.

The synthesis of fused and spiro annulated carbohydrate structures using copper(I) catalysed intramolecular photoannulation of glucose derivatives.

Intramolecular [2 + 2] photoannulation catalysed by copper(i)triflate has been applied to a series of carbohydrate derivatives obtained from glucose. Dienes 1a and 1b lead to cyclobutanes 3a and 3b whereas the diastereoisomeric dienes 5a and 5b gave diastereoisomeric products 7a and 7b. These results demonstrate that the reaction is stereospecific. Products 3a and 7a were converted into bromoesters 4 and 9 respectively. The Vasella elimination of 8 lead to the expected bicyclic aldehyde 10 and the ring expanded hydroxy ketone 12. The stereospecific formation of enantiomerically pure spiro annulated carbohydrates 18a and 18b was demonstrated whereas in example 19 no selectivity in the formation of 20 and 21 was observed.

Ring-Closing Metathesis in Carbohydrate Annulation.

Even eight-membered rings (such as in 2) can be formed by ring-closing metathesis of glucose derivatives such as 1. Enantiomerically pure tricyclic spiro compounds can also be prepared.