Deliberate foreign body ingestion in patients with underlying mental illness: A retrospective multicentre study.

OBJECTIVE: Deliberate foreign body ingestion (DFBI) is characterised by recurrent presentations among patients with mental health conditions, intellectual disabilities and in prisoners. We aimed to profile the characteristics and evaluate the care of such patients in this study. METHODS: Adult patients with an endoscopic record of attempted foreign body retrieval between January 2013 and September 2020 were identified at three Australian hospitals. Those with a documented mental health diagnosis were included and their standard medical records reviewed. Presentation history, demographics, comorbidities and endoscopic findings were recorded and described. RESULTS: A total of 166 admissions were accounted for by 35 patients, 2/3 of which had borderline personality disorder (BPD). Repetitive presentations occurred in more than half of the cohort. There was an increased trend of hospital admissions throughout the years. At least half of the cohort had a documented mental health review during their admission. An average of 3.3 (2.9) foreign bodies were ingested per single episode. Endoscopic intervention was performed in 76.5% of incidents. The combined Length of stay for all patients was 680 days. CONCLUSION: Deliberate foreign body ingestion in mental health patients is a common, recurring and challenging problem that is increasing in frequency and requires collaborative research to further guide holistic management.

Distinctive gut microbiomes of ankylosing spondylitis and inflammatory bowel disease patients suggest differing roles in pathogenesis and correlate with disease activity.

BACKGROUND: Multiple studies have confirmed dysbiosis in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, due to methodological differences across studies, it has not been possible to determine if these diseases have similar or different gut microbiomes. RESULTS: In this study, faecal and intestinal biopsies were obtained from 33 Australian AS patients (including 5 with concomitant IBD, 'AS-IBD'), 59 IBD patients and 105 healthy controls. Stool samples were also obtained from 16 Italian AS patients and 136 Swedish AS patients. Focusing on the Australian cohort, AS, AS-IBD and IBD patients differed from one another and from healthy controls in both alpha and beta diversity. AS patients with and without clinical IBD could be distinguished from one another with moderate accuracy using stool microbiome (AUC=0.754). Stool microbiome also accurately distinguished IBD patients from healthy controls (AUC=0.757). Microbiome composition was correlated with disease activity measured by BASDAI and faecal calprotectin (FCP) levels. Enrichment of potentially pathogenic Streptococcus was noted in AS, AS-IBD and IBD patients. Furthermore, enrichment of another potentially pathogenic genus, Haemophilus, was observed in AS, AS-IBD, IBD, AS patients with increased BASDAI, and IBD patients with faecal calprotectin >100 µg/mg. Apart from these genera, no other taxa were shared between AS and IBD patients. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the distinct gut microbiome of AS and AS-IBD patients compared to IBD patients and healthy controls is consistent with immunological and genetic evidence suggesting that the gut plays a different role in driving AS compared with IBD. However, enrichment of two potentially pathogenic genera in both diseases suggests that the presence of a shared/common microbial trigger of disease cannot be discounted.

The impact of peppermint oil on the irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis of the pooled clinical data.

BACKGROUND: Peppermint oil (PO) has intrinsic properties that may benefit patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms. The study objective was to determine the effect of peppermint oil in the treatment of the IBS. METHODS: We systematically searched MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Cochrane CENTRAL), ClinicalTrials.gov, EMBASE (Ovid), and Web of Science for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of PO for IBS. We appraised the eligible studies by the Cochrane risk of bias tool. We performed random-effects meta-analysis on primary outcomes including global improvement in IBS symptoms and abdominal pain. A PRISMA-compliant study protocol is registered in PROSPERO Register [2016, CRD42016050917]. RESULTS: Twelve randomized trials with 835 patients were included. For global symptom improvement, the risk ratio (RR) from seven RCTs for the effect of PO (n = 253) versus placebo (n = 254) on global symptoms was 2.39 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.93, 2.97], I2 = 0%, z = 7.93 (p < 0.00001). Regarding abdominal pain, the RR from six RCTs for the effect of PO (n = 278) versus placebo (n = 278) was 1.78 [95% CI: 1.43, 2.20], I2 = 0%, z = 5.23 (p < 0.00001). Overall, there were no differences in the reported adverse effects: PO (32 events, 344 total, 9.3%) versus placebo (20 events, 327 total, 6.1%) for eight RCTs; RR 1.40 [95% CI: 0.87, 2.26] I2 = 0%, z = 1.39 (p = 0.16). The number needed to treat with PO to prevent one patient from having persistent symptoms was three for global symptoms and four for abdominal pain. CONCLUSIONS: In the most comprehensive meta-analysis to date, PO was shown to be a safe and effective therapy for pain and global symptoms in adults with IBS.

Transdiagnostic internet-delivered cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) for adults with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID): A feasibility open trial.

Many people with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) face significant barriers in accessing psychological treatments that are known to reduce symptoms and their psychological sequelae. This study examined the feasibility and initial outcomes of a transdiagnostic and internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy (iCBT) intervention, the Chronic Conditions Course, for adults with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). A single-group feasibility open trial design was employed and administered to twenty seven participants. The course ran for 8 weeks and was provided with weekly contact from a Clinical Psychologist. Seventy percent of participants completed the course within the 8 weeks and 81.5% provided data at post-treatment. High levels of satisfaction were observed and relatively little clinician time (M = 42.70 min per participant; SD = 46.25 min) was required. Evidence of clinical improvements in FGID symptoms (ds ≥ 0.46; avg. improvement ≥21%), anxiety symptoms (ds ≥ 0.99; avg. improvement ≥42%), and depression symptoms (ds ≥ 0.75; avg. improvement ≥35%) were observed, which either maintained or continued to improve to 3-month follow-up. Evidence of improvement was also observed in pain catastrophising and mental-health related quality of life, but not physical-health related quality of life. These findings highlight the potential value of transdiagnostic internet-delivered programs for adults with FGIDs and support for the conduct of larger-scale controlled studies.

A randomized placebo-controlled trial on the effects of Menthacarin, a proprietary peppermint- and caraway-oil-preparation, on symptoms and quality of life in patients with functional dyspepsia.

BACKGROUND: Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a very common condition affecting more than 10% of the population. While there is no cure, a few drugs have been found to be effective for the relief of symptoms, although most are only effective in a subgroup of patients. We assess and compare the efficacy of a fixed peppermint/caraway-oil-combination (Menthacarin) on symptoms and quality of life (QoL) in patients with FD symptoms consistent with epigastric pain syndrome (EPS) and postprandial distress syndrome (PDS). METHODS: In a prospective, double-blind, multicenter trial, 114 outpatients with chronic or recurrent FD were randomized and treated for 4 weeks with the proprietary peppermint- and caraway-oil-preparation Menthacarin or placebo (2×1 capsule/day). Improvement of abdominal pain and discomfort were used as co-primary efficacy measures (scores measured with the validated Nepean Dyspepsia Index). KEY RESULTS: After 2 and 4 weeks, active treatment was superior to placebo in alleviating symptoms consistent with PDS and EPS (P all <.001). After 4 weeks of treatment, pain and discomfort scores improved by 7.6±4.8 and 3.6±2.5 points (full analysis set; mean±SD) for Menthacarin and by 3.4±4.3 and 1.3±2.1 points for placebo, respectively. All secondary efficacy measures showed advantages for Menthacarin. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: Menthacarin is an effective therapy for the relief of pain and discomfort and improvement of disease-specific QoL in patients with FD and significantly improves symptoms consistent with EPS and PDS.

The Validity of a New Structured Assessment of Gastrointestinal Symptoms Scale (SAGIS) for Evaluating Symptoms in the Clinical Setting.

BACKGROUND: The clinical assessments of patients with gastrointestinal symptoms can be time-consuming, and the symptoms captured during the consultation may be influenced by a variety of patient and non-patient factors. To facilitate standardized symptom assessment in the routine clinical setting, we developed the Structured Assessment of Gastrointestinal Symptom (SAGIS) instrument to precisely characterize symptoms in a routine clinical setting. AIMS: We aimed to validate SAGIS including its reliability, construct and discriminant validity, and utility in the clinical setting. METHODS: Development of the SAGIS consisted of initial interviews with patients referred for the diagnostic work-up of digestive symptoms and relevant complaints identified. The final instrument consisted of 22 items as well as questions on extra intestinal symptoms and was given to 1120 consecutive patients attending a gastroenterology clinic randomly split into derivation (n = 596) and validation datasets (n = 551). Discriminant validity along with test-retest reliability was assessed. The time taken to perform a clinical assessment with and without the SAGIS was recorded along with doctor satisfaction with this tool. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis conducted on the derivation sample suggested five symptom constructs labeled as abdominal pain/discomfort (seven items), gastroesophageal reflux disease/regurgitation symptoms (four items), nausea/vomiting (three items), diarrhea/incontinence (five items), and difficult defecation and constipation (2 items). Confirmatory factor analysis conducted on the validation sample supported the initially developed five-factor measurement model ([Formula: see text], p < 0.0001, χ 2/df = 4.6, CFI = 0.90, TLI = 0.88, RMSEA = 0.08). All symptom groups demonstrated differentiation between disease groups. The SAGIS was shown to be reliable over time and resulted in a 38% reduction of the time required for clinical assessment. CONCLUSIONS: The SAGIS instrument has excellent psychometric properties and supports the clinical assessment of and symptom-based categorization of patients with a wide spectrum of gastrointestinal symptoms.

Asia-Pacific consensus on the management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: an update focusing on refractory reflux disease and Barrett's oesophagus

"OBJECTIVE: Since the publication of the Asia-Pacific consensus on gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in 2008, there has been further scientific advancement in this field. This updated consensus focuses on proton pump inhibitor-refractory reflux disease and Barrett's oesophagus. METHODS: A steering committee identified three areas to address: (1) burden of disease and diagnosis of reflux disease; (2) proton pump inhibitor-refractory reflux disease; (3) Barrett's oesophagus. Three working groups formulated draft statements with supporting evidence. Discussions were done via email before a final face-to-face discussion. We used a Delphi consensus process, with a 70% agreement threshold, using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria to categorise the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. RESULTS: A total of 32 statements were proposed and 31 were accepted by consensus. A rise in the prevalence rates of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in Asia was noted, with the majority being non-erosive reflux disease. Overweight and obesity contributed to the rise. Proton pump inhibitor-refractory reflux disease was recognised to be common. A distinction was made between refractory symptoms and refractory reflux disease, with clarification of the roles of endoscopy and functional testing summarised in two algorithms. The definition of Barrett's oesophagus was revised such that a minimum length of 1 cm was required and the presence of intestinal metaplasia no longer necessary. We recommended the use of standardised endoscopic reporting and advocated endoscopic therapy for confirmed dysplasia and early cancer. CONCLUSIONS: These guidelines standardise the management of patients with refractory gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and Barrett's oesophagus in the Asia-Pacific region."

Liver-related mortality in countries of the developed world: an ecological study approach to explain the variability.

BACKGROUND: Liver-related mortality varies across developed nations. AIM: To assess the relative role of various risk factors in relation to liver-related mortality in an ecological study approach. METHODS: Data for liver-related mortality, prevalence data for hepatitis B and C, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), alcohol consumption per capita, Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM), overweight and obesity were extracted from peer-reviewed publications or WHO databases for different developed countries. As potential other risk-modifying factors, purchase power parity (PPP)-adjusted gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and health expenditure per capita were assessed. As an environmental 'hygiene factor', we also assessed the effect of the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori. Only countries with a PPP-adjusted GDP greater than $20 000 and valid information for at least 8 risk modifiers were included. Univariate and multivariate analyses were utilised to quantify the contribution to the variability in liver-related mortality. RESULTS: The proportion of chronic liver diseases (CLD)-related mortality ranged from 0.73-2.40% [mean 1.56%, 95% CI (1.43-1.69)] of all deaths. Univariately, CLD-related mortality was significantly associated with Hepatitis B prevalence, alcohol consumption, PPP-adjusted GDP (all P < 0.05) and potentially H. pylori prevalence (P = 0.055). Other investigated factors, including hepatitis C, did not yield significance. Backward elimination suggested hepatitis B, alcohol consumption and PPP-adjusted GDP as risk factors (explaining 66.3% of the variability). CONCLUSION: Hepatitis B infection, alcohol consumption and GDP, but not hepatitis C or other factors, explain most of the variance of liver-related mortality.

Characterisation of the gastrointestinal mucosa-associated microbiota: a novel technique to prevent cross-contamination during endoscopic procedures.

BACKGROUND: The mucosa-associated microbiota appears to be highly relevant to host-microbe interactions in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Thus, precise characterisation of the mucosa-associated microbiota may provide important insights for diagnostic and therapeutic development. However, for technical reasons, mucosal biopsies taken during standard endoscopic procedures are potentially contaminated by GI luminal contents. AIM: To develop and validate a biopsy device that minimises contamination during sampling of the mucosa-associated microbiota. METHODS: A new, encased biopsy forceps was developed, the Brisbane Aseptic Biopsy Device (BABD). This comprises sterile forceps encased by a sheath with a plug at the tip, allowing targeted, aseptic sampling of the mucosa. Matched duodenal biopsies were obtained using the BABD, standard biopsy forceps, and a sterile brush, from patients undergoing upper GI endoscopy for iron deficiency (n = 6). Total genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (gDNA) was extracted from samples and bacterial 16S rRNA gene libraries sequenced to investigate the mucosa-associated microbiota. RESULTS: Microbial DNA was recovered from biopsies obtained by the BABD, confirming the presence of a duodenal mucosa-associated microbiota. This microbiota was dominated by the genus Streptococcus, with lower levels of Prevotella, Veillonella and Neisseria. At the individual patient level, substantial differences were observed between matched samples obtained using the different devices. A greater degree of bacterial diversity was observed in samples collected using the standard forceps, indicating the BABD affords collection of samples more representative of the mucosa-associated microbiota, by precluding luminal cross-contamination. CONCLUSIONS: Cross-contamination can occur when mucosal biopsies are taken during standard endoscopic procedures. Utilising the novel Brisbane Aseptic Biopsy Device can reduce cross-contamination, and it offers improved opportunities to more precisely examine host-mucosa-associated microbiota interactions.

Clinical triage for colonoscopy is useful in young women.

BACKGROUND: Colonoscopy is an invasive procedure and a limited resource. It is therefore desirable to restrict its use to those in whom it yields an important diagnosis, without missing pathology in others. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine whether standard clinical criteria can be used to reliably distinguish when colonoscopy is advisable in women 30 years and younger. METHODS: A retrospective audit was performed at a single centre of 100 consecutive colonoscopies performed in women 30 years old and younger. The indications for the colonoscopy were recorded, and divided into clear and relative indications. The primary outcome of whether an endoscopic diagnosis was made was compared between the two groups. Clear indications for colonoscopy included overt rectal bleeding, elevated inflammatory markers, anaemia, iron deficiency and strong family history of colorectal cancer. Relative indications included abdominal pain or discomfort, bloating and altered bowel habit/motions. RESULTS: The average age was 23 years. Sixty women had both relative and clear indications. Eleven had only clear indications and 28 only relative indications. Altogether, 58 colonoscopies were normal, and 17 showed inflammatory bowel disease. No subject with only relative indications had an abnormal finding (0/28). The diagnostic yield was significantly different between those with only relative indications (0%) versus those with at least one clear indication (59%; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Standard clinical criteria can be used to restrict safely the use of colonoscopy in young women. This will avoid performing procedures in people without clear indications, saving costs, resources and complications.

Review article: Associations between Helicobacter pylori and obesity--an ecological study.

BACKGROUND: There is emerging debate over the effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on body mass index (BMI). A recent study demonstrated that individuals who underwent H. pylori eradication developed significant weight gain as compared to subjects with untreated H. pylori colonisation. AIM: To elucidate the association between H. pylori colonisation and the prevalence of overweight and obesity in developed countries. METHODS: The literature was searched for publications reporting data on H. pylori prevalence rates and obesity prevalence rates. Studies selected reported H. pylori prevalence in random population samples with sample sizes of more than 100 subjects in developed countries (GDP >25,000 US$/person/year). Corresponding BMI distributions for corresponding countries and regions were identified. Nonparametric tests were used to compare the association between H. pylori and overweight and obesity rates. RESULTS: Forty-nine studies with data from 10 European countries, Japan, the US and Australia were identified. The mean H. pylori rate was 44.1% (range 17-75%), the mean rates for obesity and overweight were 46.6 (± 16)% and 14.2 (± 8.9)%. The rate of obesity and overweight were inversely and significantly (r = 0.29, P < 0.001) correlated with the prevalence of H. pylori infection. CONCLUSIONS: There is an inverse correlation between H. pylori prevalence and rate of overweight/obesity in countries of the developed world. Thus, the gradual decrease of the H. pylori colonisation that has been observed in recent decades (or factors associated with decrease of) could be causally related to the obesity endemic observed in the Western world.

A chronic care model significantly decreases costs and healthcare utilisation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

INTRODUCTION: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic condition, yet the model of care is often reactive. We sought to examine whether a formal IBD service (IBDS) reduced inpatient healthcare utilisation or lowered costs for inpatient care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: With protocols, routine nurse phone follow-up a help-line, more proactive care was delivered, with many symptoms and concerns dealt with prior to routine presentation. Over two five month periods before (2007/8) and after (2009/10) introducing a formal IBDS two discrete cohorts of admitted IBD patients were identified at a single centre. Each patient was assigned five contemporaneously admitted, age and gender matched controls. Inpatient healthcare utilisation was compared between patients and controls and disease-specific factors amongst the two IBD cohorts. RESULTS: The initial audit captured 102 admitted IBD patients (510 controls, median age 44 years, 57% female); the second audit 95 patients (475 controls, median age 46 years, 45.3% female). In 2009/10, the number of admissions was lower in IBD patients than in controls (mean 1.53+/-1.03 vs. 2.54+/-2.35; p<0.0001). This contrasts with the first audit, where IBD patients had more admissions than controls. Following IBDS introduction, the mean total cost of inpatient care was lower for IBD patients than controls (US$12,857.48 (US$15,236.79) vs. US$ 30,467.78 (US$ 53,760.20), p=0.005). In addition, patients known to a specialist gastroenterologist (GE) and the IBD Service tended to have the lowest mean number of admissions (GE and IBDS 1.14 (+/-0.36) vs. no GE/IBDS 1.64 (+/-1.25)). CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare utilisation and disease burden in IBD decreased significantly since introducing an IBDS. These data suggest that proactive management improved outcomes. Contact with a gastroenterologist and IBDS seemed to give best results.