Phage-derived anti-idiotype and anti-YTE antibodies in development of MK-1654 pharmacokinetic and immune response assays.

Background: MK-1654 is a fully human monoclonal antibody with YTE mutations currently in phase III clinical trials for prophylactic use in protecting infants from human respiratory syncytial virus infection. Materials & methods: We generated anti-idiotype (anti-ID) and anti-YTE antibodies against MK-1654 by panning with MorphoSys HuCal phage libraries, and used the antibodies in the development of MK-1654 pharmacokinetic (PK) and immune response (IR) assays. Results: Detection of MK-1654 in nonhuman primate and human nasal wash samples showed combined use of anti-ID and anti-YTE antibodies can deliver desired sensitivity and accuracy in PK studies. IR studies showed anti-ID can serve as suitable positive control in neutralizing antibody assays. Conclusion: Phage-derived anti-IDs and anti-YTEs are suitable for PK and IR assays.

Prediction of frozen virus stability based on degradation mechanisms, real-time data and modeling.

Aim: Critical virus reagents in regulated bioanalytical assays require stability monitoring. Although stability at ultra-low frozen temperatures is generally assumed, published data are limited and real-time studies are time consuming. Materials & methods: The authors reviewed literature data, typical mechanisms of molecular degradation, glass transition temperatures of commonly used buffers and available real-time storage data to model frozen virus reagent stability. Results: Storage at ultra-low temperatures below the glass transition temperature was critical for virus stability. Modeling of real-time data suggested that virus potency remained within 0.5 log10 of its starting potency at a probability of >99, 90 and 73% after 10, 20 and 30 years, respectively. Conclusion: The study supports the practice of virus storage at -70°C or below for 20-30 years.

Virus reduction neutralization test and LI-COR microneutralization assay bridging and WHO international standard calibration studies for respiratory syncytial virus.

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine is an unmet medical need. The virus reduction neutralization test (VRNT) was developed to replace the LI-COR microneutralization assay to measure RSV neutralization titers. Methods: A bridging study using selected V171 phase I samples and calibration studies using the WHO international standard antiserum to RSV were performed to compare VRNT and LI-COR. Results: From the bridging study, we showed good concordance between VRNT and LI-COR titers, and similar post-/prevaccination titer ratios. From the calibration studies, we can convert VRNT and LI-COR titers into similar IU/ml. Conclusion: The VRNT and LI-COR microneutralization assay correlate well and the titers can be standardized as similar IU/ml, enabling direct comparison of titers from different assays.

Mature hair follicles generated from dissociated cells: a universal mechanism of folliculoneogenesis.

The hair follicle is considered to be a model system for studying organogenesis. In our initial study using mouse cells (Zheng et al., 2005) we found that new hair follicle formation always starts from an epithelial platform: the epidermal cells aggregate, the aggregates encyst, and from the periphery of the cysts, centrifugally, hair buds, pegs, and follicles form. In this report, we extend our initial study to four distantly related mammals: opossum, rat, dog and human. We find that in these four species, plus mouse, the most trichogenic cells are found in the earliest stages of hair follicle development and that the cellular mechanism of new hair follicle formation starting from dissociated cells is largely the same. These studies suggest that there is essentially one way by which dissociated mammalian skin cells form a new hair follicle in vivo and that this mechanism has been highly conserved.

Requirement for the POZ/BTB protein NAC1 in acute but not chronic psychomotor stimulant response.

NAC1 is a novel member of the POZ/BTB (Pox virus and Zinc finger/Bric-a-bracTramtrack Broad complex) but varies from other proteins of this class in that it lacks the characteristic DNA-binding motif, suggesting a novel role. We have employed constitutive gene deletion to elucidate the role of NAC1 in vivo. Nac1 mutant mice are viable with no obvious developmental or physiological impairments. Previous studies suggest a role for NAC1 in cocaine-mediated behaviors. Therefore, we evaluated a variety of behaviors associated with psychomotor stimulant effects in Nac1 mutant mice. Acute locomotor activating effects of cocaine or amphetamine are absent in Nac1 mutant mice, however longer exposure to these psychomotor stimulants result in the development of behavioral sensitization. Acute rewarding properties of cocaine and amphetamine are also blunted in mutant mice, yet repeated exposure resulted in conditioned place preference similar to that observed in wild-type mice. Lastly, increases in extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, which accompany acute cocaine administration, are blunted in mutant mice, but following chronic cocaine extracellular dopamine levels are increased to the same extent as in wild-type mice. Together these data indicate involvement of NAC1 in the acute behavioral and neurochemical responses to psychomotor stimulants.