Driving in Parkinson's disease - a health hazard?

BACKGROUND: The driving safety of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients has lately been questioned after several authors reported road accidents caused by sleep attacks in PD patients on dopaminergic medication. OBJECTIVES: To determine 1) whether PD patients in general and those on dopaminergic medication in particular are especially prone to cause severe road accidents and 2) whether there are PD symptoms or dopaminergic side effects with the potential to compromise driving safety. DATA SOURCE: Relevant articles were identified by electronic search of biomedical databases (1966-2002: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PASCAL, PUBMED), the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and reference lists of located articles. RESULTS: Despite frequent occurrence of potentially hazardous dopaminergic side effects (2-57 %) and disabling parkinsonian non-motor and motor disabilities (16-63 %), the two existing studies on accident rates suggest that PD patients are not more prone to cause road accidents than the rest of the population. Five further reports including 1346 patients and focusing on dopaminergically induced sleep attacks provided comparably low accident figures (yearly incidence: 0%-2%). Because of low figures meta-analysis was intended but finally deemed inappropriate as the methodology of included studies varied greatly and was frequently flawed. CONCLUSION: Further prospective community-based well designed studies on accident risk in PD patients are needed to provide evidence based driving recommendations.

Influence of age, gender, education and dexterity on upper limb motor performance in Parkinsonian patients and healthy controls.

Finger tapping, the most widely used test for evaluating motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD), was found to react sensitively to disease specific factors like disease severity and changes in medication. A possible interference caused by disease unrelated demographic factors--age, gender, education and dexterity--however has not yet been studied systematically. Various components of tapping performance of 187 healthy subjects and 200 PD patients were assessed by means of the BRAIN TEST, a digitalized test battery. The effects of demographic factors--above all education and age--were found to be significant. These influences generally affect different aspects of movement to a different extent, with speed and akinesia being affected more severely than dysmetria and arrhythmokinesis. Our study suggests that whenever precise assement of upper limb motor performance is needed, specific corrections for these demographic factors in both healthy controls and PD patients are necessary.

East-west differences in the organization of botulinum toxin use in nine Central European countries.

Availability and quality of expensive treatment modalities such as botulinum toxin (BTX) largely depend on organizational aspects such as costs, reimbursement by insurance companies, expertise and facilities for expert training, and the propagation of research. To investigate which determinants influence the organization of BTX' use throughout nine Central European countries (Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Slovakia, Slovenia and Switzerland) we sent out questionnaires to leading BTX experts and consulted data banks of manufacturers and bulletins of international organizations. In Western European countries, there is a tendency for users to organize themselves in formal groups and to concentrate on research whereas the way how BTX is provided is diverse regarding qualifications of specialists and institutions. In the post-communist Eastern European countries, we found a tendency towards a centralized system of reimbursement and BTX treatment seems to be more in the hands of neurologists than any other specialists. Strong correlations were observed between the number of BTX centres, degree of organization of user groups and number of scientific publications, on the one hand, and parameters of healthcare performance and socioeconomic determinants, on the other. Our study suggests that in the nine countries surveyed, organizational aspects of BTX use vary considerably, whilst similarities are based mainly on socioeconomic rather than socio-demographic determinants.

[Botulinum toxin--the dose controls the poison. A historical sketch]. / Botulinumtoxin--Die Dosis macht das Gift. Ein historischer Abriss.

Botulism, a potentially lethal form of paralytic food poisoning, was described as early as 1793. Basic research, especially in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, revealed that botulism is caused by exotoxins. Further biochemical work around and after the Second World War gave insight into the molecular structure of seven different serotypes of botulinum toxin (BT/A-G) as well as into its acetylcholine blocking mode of action. In 1977, Scott treated patients with strabism by injecting minute amounts of purified BT/A. In short sequence, BT proved effective in blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, and various off-label indications. In the near future, registration of these new indications, marketing of new serotypes (BT/B), and availability of more practical antibody tests can be expected. The first applications of BT were performed by Roggenkaemper, Dressler, and Benecke in Germany and by Poewe and Auff in Austria. According to a worldwide trend, a rapid expansion regarding BT users and indications followed. Formation of BT competence centers in both countries aims at maintaining high standards in BT research and education.

Diagnosis and surgical management of intraspinal synovial cysts: report of 19 cases.

OBJECTIVE: Synovial cysts of the vertebral facet joints are a source of nerve root compression. Different surgical procedures are in use, but no consensus has been formed so far as to which method should be used in synovial cysts. To clarify the role of surgical management, the efficacy of operative procedures and factors influencing the outcome in our own series of 19 patients treated between 1994 and 1998 were analysed. METHODS: Nineteen patients with a mean age of 65 years underwent surgery for medically intractable radicular pain or neurological deficits caused by synovial cysts. The patients' records were retrospectively analysed for neurological deficits, cysts diameter, operative approach, segmental hypermobility, and clinical outcome; CT and MRI were analysed for additional degenerative changes. RESULTS: In 17 patients an excellent result and in two patients a good postoperative result was achieved. Twelve patients were found to have hypermobility of the facet joints and six had spondylolisthesis. There was no correlation between cyst diameter, operative approach, and outcome. No intraoperative or postoperative complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Age and hypermobility may play a part in the aetiology of facet joint synovial cysts. As all operative strategies showed equally good clinical outcome, total excision via a small flavectomy as the least invasive approach should be considered therapy of choice in patients with cysts causing neurological deficits.

The Bradykinesia Akinesia Incoordination Test (BRAIN TEST), an objective and user-friendly means to evaluate patients with parkinsonism.

The BRAIN TEST, a computerized alternating finger tapping test, was performed on 154 patients with parkinsonism to assess whether the test could be used as an objective tool to evaluate reliably the severity of Parkinson's disease (PD). Patients were instructed to tap two marked computer keyboard keys as fast and as accurately as possible for 60 seconds. The test generates the following variables: (1) kinesia score (KS)--number of keystrokes/min, (2) akinesia time (AT)--cumulative time that keys are depressed, (3) dysmetria score (DS)--a weighted score generated from incorrectly hit keys and corrected for speed, and (4) arrhythmia score (AS)--variance of the time interval between individual keystrokes. Among parkinsonian patients, we found a significant correlation between the four test parameters and PD rating scores of the Hoehn & Yahr, Schwab & England, and Unified PD Rating Scales (KS, AS, and AT p <0.001 and DS p <0.05). When compared with 73 parkinsonian patients 73 age- and sex-matched control subjects showed significantly higher KS and lower AT (p <0.001) as well as lower DS and AS (p = 0.05). The BRAIN TEST is a reliable and practical tool for evaluating the severity of parkinsonism and for distinguishing subjects with parkinsonism from normal control subjects. A version of the BRAIN TEST is available by FTP on the worldwide web (http://www.anaesthetist.com/software/brain.htm).

Is IgM of diagnostic value in case of delayed intrathecal production of IgG antibodies?

The neurological manifestations of Lyme borreliosis comprise a wide range of clinical signs. However, these symptoms might have other aetiologies. Therefore detection of intrathecal production of specific antibodies is necessary to confirm the clinical assumption of neuroborreliosis (NB). In case of delayed intrathecal production of specific IgG antibodies, detection of IgM could play a role in the early diagnosis of NB. To clarify whether IgM is of diagnostic value in such cases, paired CSF serum samples from 176 patients with suspected NB admitted to the department of Neurology, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria, were tested. Testing was performed with the IDEA Neuroborreliosis Kit (Dako, Denmark) and Enzygnost Borreliosis (Behring, Germany) and results of both methods were compared. According to well defined criteria 63 of the 176 patients had defined NB and 113 were regarded as possible NB. Twelve out of 63 patients with defined NB had delayed intrathecal IgG production. Only one patient with delayed IgG production had an intrathecal IgM production prior to IgG. In all patients with possible NB no intrathecal production of IgM was detected. At the time of the first lumbar puncture IgG intrathecal production could be detected with the IDEA seven times more often than with the Enzygnost Borreliosis. The determination of intrathecal production of IgM does not appear to be of diagnostic value in patients with delayed IgG antibody production. Therefore a consecutive lumbar puncture is more likely to confirm clinical assumption if there is strong clinical evidence of NB.