ABSTRACT
An overview is given of the involvement of the National Agricultural Chemical Association (NACA) in the research of field worker exposure and in the drafting of a protocol for performing exposure studies. Specific field methods are discussed and criteria for the utilization of biological monitoring are given. A generic exposure data base is being developed together with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Subject(s)
Occupational Diseases/prevention & control , Pesticides/metabolism , Absorption , Animals , Equipment and Supplies , Humans , Pesticides/poisoning , SafetyABSTRACT
Recent developments in the technology of removal and characterization of bound residues of two herbicides, nitrofen and profluralin, from plants and soil will be reviewed. 14C-Nitrofen was found to be metabolized into starch in wheat grain as well as bound into the lignin fraction of wheat straw. Profluralin and its metabolites were found to be bound to field aged soil in several ways probably including hydrogen bonding and covalent bonding. The bound metabolites of profluralin in soil could be categorized according to the type of bonding occurring as well as to the physicochemical characteristics of the bound pesticide. By assessing the type of bonding involved between pesticide and plants or soil, some assessment of the bioavailability of these bound residues to the environment can be made. When applied to tissues of food producing animals, these techniques would help release bound drug residues and provide technology for characterization of the released material.
Subject(s)
Herbicides/metabolism , Pesticide Residues/metabolism , Plants, Edible/metabolism , Soil/analysis , Lignin/analysis , Oxidation-Reduction , Phenyl Ethers/metabolism , Starch/analysis , Trifluralin/analogs & derivatives , Trifluralin/metabolismSubject(s)
Chlorophyta/metabolism , Chloroplasts/metabolism , Cytoplasm/metabolism , Plant Proteins/biosynthesis , Ribosomes/metabolism , Arginine/metabolism , Centrifugation, Density Gradient , Chlamydomonas/cytology , Chlamydomonas/drug effects , Chlamydomonas/metabolism , Chloramphenicol/pharmacology , Chloroplasts/drug effects , Cycloheximide/pharmacology , Cytoplasm/drug effects , Mutation , Polyribosomes/metabolism , Ribosomes/drug effects , Species Specificity , Structure-Activity Relationship , TritiumSubject(s)
Arginine/metabolism , Chlorophyta/metabolism , Ribosomes/metabolism , Ammonium Chloride/pharmacology , Arginine/pharmacology , Chlamydomonas/cytology , Chlamydomonas/drug effects , Chlamydomonas/growth & development , Chlamydomonas/metabolism , Culture Media , Mutation , RNA/metabolism , Ribosomes/drug effectsABSTRACT
Phenylmercuric acetate is a selective inhibitor of the photosynthetic activities of isolated spinach (Spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts. At 5 mum concentration of phenylmercuric acetate, photophosphorylation is inhibited. At 33 mum phenylmercuric acetate, ferredoxin is inactivated. Ferredoxin-NADP oxidoreductase is 50% inhibited at 100 mum phenylmercuric acetate. Photosystem II reactions are 50% inhibited at 150 mum phenylmercuric acetate and very much higher cooncentrations-500 mum-are needed to approach complete inhibition. Phenylmercuric acetate inhibition of photosystem II appears to be selective, blocking a site between the 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea sensitive site and the site inactivated by high concentrations of tris buffer.
