User-Friendly Vendor-Specific Guideline for Pediatric Cardiothoracic Computed Tomography Provided by the Asian Society of Cardiovascular Imaging Congenital Heart Disease Study Group: Part 1. Imaging Techniques.

Optimal performance of pediatric cardiothoracic computed tomography (CT) is technically challenging and may need different approaches for different types of CT scanners. To meet the technical demands and improve clinical standards, a practical, user-friendly, and vendor-specific guideline for pediatric cardiothoracic CT needs to be developed for children with congenital heart disease (CHD). In this article, we have attempted to describe such guideline based on the consensus of experts in the Asian Society of Cardiovascular Imaging CHD Study Group. This first part describes the imaging techniques of pediatric cardiothoracic CT, and it includes recommendations for patient preparation, scan techniques, radiation dose, intravenous injection protocol, post-processing, and vendor-specific protocols.

Hepatic Stiffness Using Shear Wave Elastography and the Related Factors for a Fontan Circulation.

Hepatic problems related to a Fontan circulation have been highlighted and elastography using ultrasound is a non-invasive tool that can measure the severity of hepatic stiffness. We investigated the hepatic stiffness using shear wave elastography (SWE) and related factors in patients with a Fontan circulation. This study enrolled 64 patients with a Fontan circulation who underwent cardiac catheterization and abdominal ultrasound from 2011 to 2015. The correlation between the laboratory tests, hemodynamic factors by cardiac catheterization, and SWE was evaluated. The patients were classified into non-cirrhotic level (≥ 2.0 m/s) and cirrhotic level (< 2.0 m/s) groups by the SWE value. The mean age was 17.6 years and the mean duration after the Fontan operation was 12.1 years. The mean value of SWE in patients (1.95 m/s) was higher than the normal (< 1.3 m/s). The SWE was higher in patients without than those with a fenestration (2.03 vs. 1.75 m/s, P = 0.003). In a multiple regression analysis between SWE and other factors, the CVP, fenestration, and lipoprotein Apo B had a significant correlation. In a multivariate analysis of cirrhotic level group, the CVP was the only significant factor. The hepatic stiffness had significantly progressed in most patients with a Fontan circulation. A low CVP and Fontan circulation with a fenestration might reduce the progression of the hepatic stiffness.

Three-Dimensional Endo-Cardiovascular Volume-Rendered Cine Computed Tomography of Isolated Left Ventricular Apical Hypoplasia: A Case Report and Literature Review.

We report multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) findings of a 34-year-old female with isolated left ventricular apical hypoplasia. The MDCT and CMR scans displayed a spherical left ventricle (LV) with extensive fatty infiltration within the myocardium at the apex, interventricular septum and inferior wall, anteroapical origin of the papillary muscle, right ventricle wrapping around the deficient LV apex, and impaired systolic function. MDCT visualized morphologic and also functional findings of this unique cardiomyopathy.

Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) for measurement of muscle stiffness of the shoulder: feasibility with a 3 T MRI system.

BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) at 3 T MR has the potential to improve the objective detection of skeletal muscle stiffness. PURPOSE: To determine the feasibility of MRE using 3 T MR for measurement of the stiffness of shoulder muscles in subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study prospectively evaluated 16 healthy subjects (mean age, 29.8 years; range, 25-51 years). MRE was acquired with 3 T MR through the use of a 2D-gradient-echo-based MRE sequence at two different excitation frequencies (90 and 120 Hz). The mean stiffness values (MSV) of the trapezius and infraspinatus muscles were measured by two radiologists. Differences between the MSV in the x, y, and z motion-sensitization directions were assessed. Inter-observer agreement was also measured. RESULTS: The MSV of the trapezius muscle were 2.72 kPa ± 0.6 (SD) at 90 Hz and 4.66 kPa ± 1.2 at 120 Hz, while the MSV for the infraspinatus muscle were 3.2 kPa ± 0.52 at 90 Hz and 4.38 kPa ± 0.92 at 120 Hz. The MSV for both muscles were significantly higher at 120 Hz than at 90 Hz (P < 0.05). The MSV in the three different directions were significantly different from each other in the infraspinatus muscle (P < 0.05). Levels of inter-observer agreement regarding MSV were good to excellent for both the trapezius (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.979-0.996) and infraspinatus muscles (ICC = 0.614-0.943). CONCLUSION: MRE at 3 T is a feasible technique for the evaluation of shoulder muscle stiffness. Extended application of skeletal muscle MRE at 3 T will contribute to the evaluation and treatment of skeletal muscle disorders.

3D MDCT angiography for the preoperative assessment of truncus arteriosus.

Truncus arteriosus is an uncommon conotruncal anomaly, which is amenable to surgical correction. The systemic, pulmonary, and coronary circulations originate from a single arterial vessel that arises from the ventricular part of the heart and overrides the ventricular septum. The value of multidetector computed tomography with three-dimensional postprocessing lies in the detailed assessment of the presence or absence of the pulmonary arteries, including the number, origin, and branching patterns of major aortopulmonary collateral arteries, and extracardiac abnormalities such as aortic arch interruption. This article reviews the various imaging spectra of truncus arteriosus, which are especially important in the surgical planning.

Characterization of microbial community in the leachate associated with the decomposition of entombed pigs.

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is one of the acute infectious diseases in hoofed and even-toed mammals, including pigs, and it occurs via acute infection by Aphthovirus. When FMD is suspected, animals around the location of origin are typically slaughtered and buried. Other methods such as rendering, composting, and incineration have not been verified in practice in Korea. After the FMD incident, the regular monitoring of the microbial community is required, as microorganisms greatly modify the characteristics of the ecosystem in which they live. This is the result of their metabolic activities causing chemical changes to take place in the surrounding environment. In this study, we investigated changes in the microbial community during a 24 week period with DNA extracts from leachate, formed by the decomposition of buried pigs at a laboratory test site, using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) with a genomic DNA. Our results revealed that Bacteroides coprosuis, which is common in pig excreta, and Sporanaerobacter acetigenes, which is a sulfur-reduced microbe, were continuously observed. During the early stages (0~2 weeks) of tissue decomposition, Clostridium cochlearium, Fusobacterium ulcerans, and Fusobacterium sp., which are involved in skin decomposition, were also observed. In addition, various microbes such as Turicibacter sanguinis, Clostridium haemolyticum, Bacteroides propionicifaciens, and Comamonas sp. were seen during the later stages (16~24 weeks). In particular, the number of existing microbial species gradually increased during the early stages, including the exponential phase, decreased during the middle stages, and then increased again during the later stages. Therefore, these results indicate that the decomposition of pigs continues for a long period of time and leachate is created continuously during this process. It is known that leachate can easily flow into the neighboring environment, so a long-term management plan is needed in burial locations for FMD-infected animals.

Analysis and quantification of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria community with amoA gene in sewage treatment plants.

The analysis and quantification of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) is crucial, as they initiate the biological removal of ammonia-nitrogen from sewage. Previous methods for analyzing the microbial community structure, which involve the plating of samples or culture media over agar plates, have been inadequate because many microorganisms found in a sewage plant are unculturable. In this study, to exclusively detect AOB, the analysis was carried out via denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis using a primer specific to the amoA gene, which is one of the functional genes known as ammonia monooxygenase. An AOB consortium (S1 sample) that could oxidize an unprecedented 100% of ammonia in 24 h was obtained from sewage sludge. In addition, real-time PCR was used to quantify the AOB. Results of the microbial community analysis in terms of carbon utilization ability of samples showed that the aeration tank water sample (S2), influent water sample (S3), and effluent water sample (S4) used all the 31 substrates considered, whereas the AOB consortium (S1) used only Tween 80, D-galacturonic acid, itaconic acid, D-malic acid, and L-serine after 192 h. The largest concentration of AOB was detected in S1 (7.6 × 10(6) copies/microliter), followed by S2 (3.2 × 10(6) copies/microliter), S4 (2.8 × 10(6) copies/microliter), and S3 (2.4 × 10(6) copies/microliter).

Effects of elevated CO(2) and Pb on the microbial community in the rhizosphere of Pinus densiflora.

Rising levels of atmospheric CO(2) may stimulate forest productivity in the future, resulting in increased carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems. However, heavy metal contamination may interfere with this, though the response is not yet known. In this study, we investigated the effect of elevated CO(2) and Pb contamination on microorganisms and decomposition in pine tree forest soil. Three-year old pine trees (Pinus densiflora) were planted in Pb contaminated soils (500 mg/kg-soil) and uncontaminated soils and cultivated for three months in a growth chamber where the CO(2) concentration was controlled at 380 or 760 mg/kg. Structures of the microbial community were comparatively analyzed in bulk and in rhizosphere soil samples using community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) and 16S rRNA gene PCR-DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis). Additionally, microbial activity in rhizospheric soil, growth and the C/N ratio of the pine trees were measured. Elevated CO(2) significantly increased microbial activities and diversity in Pb contaminated soils due to the increase in carbon sources, and this increase was more distinctive in rhizospheric soil than in bulk soils. In addition, increased plant growth and C/N ratios of pine needles at elevated CO(2) resulted in an increase in cation exchange capacity (CEC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of the rhizosphere in Pb contaminated soil. Taken together, these findings indicate that elevated CO(2) levels and heavy metals can affect the soil carbon cycle by changing the microbial community and plant metabolism.

Screening of Cucumis sativus as a new arsenic-accumulating plant and its arsenic accumulation in hydroponic culture.

Phytoextraction is a remediation technology with a promising application for removing arsenic (As) from soils and waters. Several plant species were evaluated for their As accumulation capacity in hydroponic culture amended with As. Cucumis sativus (cucumber) displayed the highest tolerance against As among 4 plants tested in this study (corn, wheat, sorghum and cucumber). The germination ratio of Cucumis sativus was more than 50% at the high concentration of 5,000 mg-As/l. In Cucumis sativus grown in a solution contaminated with 25 mg-As/l, the accumulated As concentrations in the shoot and root were 675.5 ± 11.5 and 312.0 ± 163.4 mg/kg, respectively, and the corresponding values of the translocation and bioaccumulation factors for As were 1.9 ± 0.9 and 21.1 ± 8.4, respectively. These results indicate Cucumis sativus is to be a candidate plant for phytoextraction of As from soils and water.

Rhizoremediation of diesel-contaminated soil using the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Gordonia sp. S2RP-17.

A plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) was isolated and identified as Gordonia sp. S2RP-17, which showed ACC deaminase and siderophore synthesizing activities. Its maximum specific growth rate was 0.54 ± 0.12 d(-1) at 5,000 mg L(-1) of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), and its maximum diesel degradation rate was 2,434.0 ± 124.4 mg L(-1) d(-1) at 20,000 mg L(-1) of TPH. The growth of Zea mays was significantly promoted by the inoculation of Gordonia sp. S2RP-17 in the diesel-contaminated soil. Measured TPH removal efficiencies by various means were 13% by natural attenuation, 84.5% by planting Zea mays, and 95.8% by the combination of Zea mays and Gordonia sp. S2RP-17. The S2RP-17 cell counts were maintained at 1 × 10(6) CFU g-soil(-1) during the remediation period, although they slightly decreased from their initial numbers (2.94 × 10(7) CFU g-soil(-1)). These results indicate that rhizoremediation using both Zea mays and Gordonia sp. S2RP-17 is a promising strategy for enhancing remediation efficiency of diesel-contaminated soils.

Effect of arsenic species on the growth and arsenic accumulation in Cucumis sativus.

The effects of arsenic (As) species, such as As(III), As(V) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), on the accumulation of As in cucumber (Cucumis sativus), as well as on its growth in a soil mesocosm were evaluated. When Cucumis sativus was cultivated in soils contaminated with 20 and 50 mg/kg of As(III), As(V) or DMA for 40 days, the growth was markedly inhibited by the inorganic As (As(III) and As(V)) rather than the organic As (DMA). Irrespective of the As species, the As concentrations accumulated in Cucumis sativus increased with increasing As concentration in the soil. The As bioaccumulation factors from soil into the tissue of Cucumis sativus were 17.5-35.4, 29.3-42.7 and 17.6-25.7 for As(III), As(V) and DMA, respectively. In addition, the As translocation factors from the roots to shoots were 0.025-0.031, 0.018-0.032 and 0.014-0.026 for As(III), As(V) and DMA, respectively. In conclusion, Cucumis sativus mainly accumulated As in its roots rather than its shoots and easily accumulated inorganic rather than organic As from the soil into its tissue.

Dedifferentiated liposarcoma of retroperitoneum: spectrum of imaging findings in 15 patients.

BACKGROUND: Dedifferentiated liposarcoma is a high-grade nonlipogenic sarcoma that arises in the background of a preexisting well-differentiated liposarcoma. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the spectrum of radiologic appearance of retroperitoneal dedifferentiated liposarcoma with clinicopathologic features. METHODS: Radiologic images and clinical histories of 15 patients with histologically verified retroperitoneal dedifferentiated liposarcoma were retrospectively studied. Patients included 11 men and 4 women, with mean age of 55.8 years (range, 36-74 years), and they underwent computed tomography (CT) (n=15) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (n=5). RESULTS: The mean size of the tumor was 22.6 cm with a range of 9.5-38 cm. Both CT and MRI showed well-circumscribed, large round, or lobulated retroperitoneal mass. The appearance of the tumor was classified as follows: Category I, nonfatty component within predominant fatty mass (n=5); Category II, focal fatty component within large nonfatty mass (n=6); Category III, well-defined fatty mass and well-defined nonfatty mass (n=1); Category IV, two masses with predominantly nonfatty component (n=3). CONCLUSION: Retroperitoneal dedifferentiated liposarcomas present various spectra of imaging findings. While Categories I and III may suggest dedifferentiated liposarcoma, Categories II and IV may appear as other types of liposarcoma or other malignant retroperitoneal tumor.

Plant growth-promoting trait of rhizobacteria isolated from soil contaminated with petroleum and heavy metals.

Three hundred and seventy-four rhizobacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere soil (RS) or rhizoplane (RP) of Echinochloa crus-galli, Carex leiorhyncha, Commelina communis, Persicaria lapathifolia, Carex kobomugi, and Equisetum arvense, grown in contaminated soil with petroleum and heavy metals. The isolates were screened for plant growth-promoting potential (PGPP), including indole acetic acid (IAA) productivity, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase activity, and siderophore(s) synthesis ability. IAA production was detected in 86 isolates (23.0%), ACC deaminase activity in 168 isolates (44.9%), and siderophore(s) synthesis in 213 isolates (57.0%). Among the rhizobateria showing PGPP, 162 rhizobacteria had multiple traits showing more than two types of PGPP. The PGPP-having rhizobateria were more abundant in the RP (82%) samples than the RS (75%). There was a negative correlation (-0.656, p < 0.05) between the IAA-producers and the ACC deaminase producers. Clustering analysis by principal component analysis showed that RP was the most important factor influencing ecological distribution and physiological characterization of PGPP-possesing rhizobateria.

Fluoxetine inhibits ATP-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increase in PC12 cells by inhibiting both extracellular Ca(2+) influx and Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores.

Fluoxetine, a widely used antidepressant, has additional effects, including the blocking of voltage-gated ion channels. We examined whether fluoxetine affects ATP-induced calcium signaling in PC12 cells using fura-2-based digital calcium imaging, an assay for [3H]-inositol phosphates (IPs) and whole-cell patch clamping. Treatment with ATP (100 microM) for 2 min induced increases in intracellular free Ca(2+) concentrations ([Ca(2+)](i)). Treatment with fluoxetine (100 nM to 30 microM) for 5 min inhibited the ATP-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increases in a concentration-dependent manner (IC(50) = 1.85 microM). Treatment with fluoxetine (1.85 microM) for 5 min significantly inhibited the ATP-induced responses following the removal of extracellular Ca(2+) or depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores. Whereas treatment for 10 min with nimodipine (1 microM) significantly inhibited the ATP-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increase, treatment with fluoxetine further inhibited the ATP-induced response. Treatment with fluoxetine significantly inhibited [Ca(2+)](i) increases induced by 50 mM K(+). In addition, treatment with fluoxetine markedly inhibited ATP-induced inward currents in a concentration-dependent manner. However, treatment with fluoxetine did not inhibit ATP-induced [3H]-IPs formation. Therefore, we conclude that fluoxetine inhibits ATP-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increases in PC12 cells by inhibiting both the influx of extracellular Ca(2+) and the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores without affecting IPs formation.