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Based on 1207 knots from 49 sample trees of 29 standard plots of Korean pine plantations in Linkou and Dongjingcheng Forest Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, China, we extracted longitudinal sections of knots using the image processing software Digimizer and represented the shape of knots using two-dimensional scatter plots. According to the two-dimensional scatter plots, knots of Korean pine plantation were divided into three types: 1) alive knots (whole knot contained only sound knot portion); 2) non-occluded dead knots (whole knot contained both sound and loose knot portions); 3) occluded dead knots (the sound and loose portion of the knot were partially occluded by the bark). For all the three types of knots, the volume of sound knot was calculated by mathematical integral of the sound knot shape equation. The volume of loose knot was calculated using the volume equation of a cylinder. The total volume of knots was calculated as the sum of sound and loose knot volume. Finally, based on knot variables (diameter, relative height and total length of knots) and tree variable (diameter at breast height), we established the prediction models for sound knot volume, loose knot volume, and total volume of knot using the linear mixed model at plot level and tree level. Compared with fixed-effects model, the mixed effects models of the volume of sound knot, loose knot, and total knots provided more accurate parameter estimation, more uniform residual distribution, and higher model fitting precision. The validation results showed that prediction precision of each fixed-effect model was higher than 90%, while that of the mixed models with plot and tree effect was above 93%, indicating that the established model could well predict the volume of knot for Korean pine plantation.
Subject(s)
Pinus , China , Forests , Republic of Korea , TreesABSTRACT
Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy of acupuncture plus umbilicus application with Chinese medicine for detrusor underactivity.Methods:A total of 46 male patients with detrusor underactivity who were admitted to our hospital between January and December 2017 were randomized into a control group and an observation group,with 23 cases in each group.The control group received intermittent catheterization and routine nursing,and the observation group was treated with acupuncture plus umbilicus application with Chinese medicine on the basis of the treatment of the control group.The comprehensive efficacy,the improvement of bladder urine residue and maximum flow rate of the two groups were observed.Results:No cases dropped out in the two groups.After the intervention,the total effective rate of the observation group was 78.3％,which was significantly higher than 52.2％ of the control group (P＜0.05).After intervention,the improvements of bladder urine residue and maximum flow rate in the observation group were statistically different from those in the control group (both P＜0.05).Conclusion:The combination of acupuncture and umbilicus application with Chinese medicine added on the basis of intermittent catheterization and routine nursing has a certain effect in treating male patients with detrusor underactivity,and is worth further clinical study.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the methylation status of CpG islands in the promoter region and the protein expression of ASPP1 and ASPP2 genes in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and their relationship with cellular apoptosis and p53 gene expression.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The 5'CpG island methylation patterns of ASPP1 and ASPP2 were evaluated by methylation specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) followed by confirmation of sequencing. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of ASPP1, ASPP2 and p53 in lung carcinoma tissue samples (n = 90) and adjacent non-neoplastic lung tissue samples (n = 25). TUNEL assay was used to detect the apoptotic activity.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The presence of ASPP1 methylation was significantly higher in NSCLC than that in the adjacent non-neoplastic lung tissue [42.2% (38/90) vs. 16.0% (4/25), P = 0.019]. ASPP1 promoter methylation had a close relationship with TNM stage and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.031, P = 0.030), but was not related to the age, sex, histological types and the grades of tumor differentiation (P = 0.389, P = 0.278, P = 0.570, and P = 0.103). Tumors with ASPP1 promoter methylation demonstrated a lower expression of ASPP1 as compared with those without the methylation (P = 0.002). ASPP1 expression was associated with a higher apoptotic index (AI) (P = 0.022) and a decreased p53 expression (r = -0.259, P < 0.01). Methylation in the promoter region of ASPP2 gene was not detected in lung cancer (n = 90) or adjacent non-neoplastic lung tissue (n = 25). Expression of ASPP2 protein did not correlate with AI (P = 0.282) and p53 status in NSCLC.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>High methylation of ASPP1 gene promoter regions is one of the important mechanisms that down-regulate its protein expression in NSCLC. ASPP1 promoter methylation may be associated with the malignant progression of the tumor, and ASPP1 expression promotes cellular apoptosis.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing , Genetics , Metabolism , Apoptosis , Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins , Genetics , Metabolism , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung , Genetics , Metabolism , Pathology , DNA Methylation , Down-Regulation , Lung Neoplasms , Genetics , Metabolism , Pathology , Lymphatic Metastasis , Neoplasm Staging , Promoter Regions, Genetic , Genetics , Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 , MetabolismABSTRACT
Objective To study the effect of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)on the endo-pulmonary natrium channel(ENaC)expression in the lung of rats with acute lung injured.Method Sixteen rats were randomly divided into normal control group and LPS-group.Rats of normal control group and LPS-group were killed at 6 hours after intravenous injection of normal saline(8 ml/kg)or LPS(8 mg/kg).The extent of lung injury was assessed by arterial blood gas analysis and histological examination.At the same time,?-ENaC protein and???- ENaC mRNA expression in the lung tissue were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR.Results PaO_2 in LPS-group was noticeably lower than in normal control group(P
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Objective To develop an effective real time PCR method for genotyping mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase-2(ALDH2)Glu504Lys polymorphism based on the hydrolysis probes.Methods The Mg~(2+)and probe concentration were optimized,the precision and sensitivity were also checked.The genotypings by this method were confirmed by the direct sequencing of amplified PCR products.Results The optimized Mg~(2+)and probe concentration were 2.5 mmol/L and 1.0 ?mol/L,respectively.The inter- group(n=20)and intra-group(n=20)CVs of Ct were 1.38% and 1.48 %,respectively.The method could detect human DNA in the range of 5.0?10~2-5.0 ?10~6 pg per 25 ?l reaction.The results from 150 individuals by this genotyping method are in full concordance with that by direct PCR products sequencing.Conclusion The combined merits of reliability,flexibility and simplicity should make this method suitable for routine clinical testing and cost-efficient large-scale genotyping.
