ABSTRACT
At present, many new discoveries on the pathogenesis of nervous system diseases provide more targets for the research of drugs that treat nervous system diseases. CCR5 is the receptor of CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5, members of the chemokine CC family, and has become an important therapeutic target for nervous system diseases. CCR5 Δ32, as a natural mutation of CCR5, has shown protective effect on a variety of nervous system diseases and has important medical value. The biological role of CCR5 in stroke, Alzheimer' s disease, multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases has been increasingly studied. Several CCR5 inhibitors have been tested in clinical trials as neuroprotective agents. Therefore, this paper mainly reviews the research progress of CCR5 in the treatment of neurological diseases, in order to provide evidence for the use of CCR5 inhibitors in the treatment of neurological diseases.
ABSTRACT
Currently, the main sample pretreatment methods for forensic toxic analysis are liquid-liquid extraction （LLE） and solid-phase extraction （SPE）. As a simple, convenient, and low-cost LLE method, dispersion liquid-liquid microextraction （DLLME） has high enrichment factor and good extraction efficiency, and therefore has attracted the attention of many researchers in the field of toxicology analysis in recent years. As a multi-functional microextraction method, DLLME has been widely used in the analysis of pesticides, sleeping sedatives, drugs and heavy metal poisons in forensic toxic analysis. Meanwhile, it can also be used in combination with such a variety of analytical instruments as gas chromatography-electron capture detectors （GC-ECD）, high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detectors （HPLC-DAD）. As a sample pretreatment method, DLLME has the advantages of simple operation, less use of organic solvent, reliable results and good reproducibility, thus can meet the requirements of modern court toxic analysis.
Subject(s)
Forensic Toxicology , Liquid Phase Microextraction , Reproducibility of Results , Solid Phase Extraction , SolventsABSTRACT
The Z-drugs (zolpidem, zopiclone, and zaleplon), as the innovative hypnotics, have an improvement over the traditional benzodiazepines in the management of insomnia. Z-drugs have significant hypnotic effects by reducing sleep latency and improving sleep quality, though duration of sleep may not be significantly increased. As benzodiazepines, Z-drugs exert their effects through increasing the transmission of γ-aminobutyric acid. Z-drugs overdose are less likely to be fatal, more likely would result in poisoning. Z-drugs can be detected in blood, urine, saliva, and other postmortem specimens through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques. Zolpidem and zaleplon exhibit significant postmortem redistribution. Z-drugs have improved pharmacokinetic profiles, but incidence of neuropsychiatric sequelae, poisoning, and death may prove to be similar to the other hypnotics. This review focuses on the pharmacology and toxicology of Z-drugs with respect to their adverse effect profile and toxicity and toxicology data in the field of forensic medicine.
