ABSTRACT
Comparison of transplantation medicine in Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Spain and Portugal reveals many and important differences with respect to frequency of transplantations, frequency of life donations, legal regulations and influence of the family on organ donation. The differences observed are at least partly related to cultural and value differences between the various countries, but many questions need to be studied systematically and in more detail before useful conclusions can be drawn. One study would have to address the problem of how differences in the family influence on organ donation can be explained. Another question needing further clarification concerns the exact meaning of "medical decision" and "medical criteria" because these terms, on which access to- and selection from the waiting list largely depends, are equivocally defined and seem to differ according to different traditions. Open questions also arise with respect to the influence of "closeness or distance" on medical decision making. The findings indicate that it would be premature to propose common guidelines to be observed within Europe as long as the above mentioned and some further questions have not been systematically studied and thoroughly analyzed.
Subject(s)
Ethics, Medical , Organ Transplantation , Adult , Aged , Brain Death/legislation & jurisprudence , Cultural Characteristics , Denmark , Female , Germany , Health Care Rationing , Humans , Japan , Male , Middle Aged , Organ Transplantation/legislation & jurisprudence , Organ Transplantation/trends , Portugal , Spain , Sweden , Tissue and Organ Procurement/legislation & jurisprudence , Tissue and Organ Procurement/trends , Waiting ListsABSTRACT
Following a description of the cloning process and how this might be used in humans, the authors examine the possibility of human cloning in the light of recognised ethical principles. They also address the question of whether current national and international laws are sufficient to prevent such practices.
