Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Insertion by Nephrologist Using Minilaparotomy: Do Survival and Complications Vary in Obese?

INTRODUCTION: Peritoneal dialysis catheter (PDC) placement for chronic kidney disease (CKD) amongst overweight and obese patients is difficult owing to deeper operating field. Literature being discordant on survival and complications in this patient subset, we attempted to analyse this research question in Indian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analysed PDC inserted by nephrologist using surgical minilaparotomy for survivals and complications amongst 'overweight and obese' cohort ('O') at two tertiary care government hospitals in India, and compared results with normo-weight cohort ('N'), with 12-36 months follow-up. RESULTS: 245 PDCs were inserted by surgical minilaparotomy and 'N' to 'O' ratio was 169:76. 'O' group were more rural residing (P = 0.003) and post-abdominal surgery (P = 0.008) patients. The 1, 2, and 3-year death censored catheter survival rate was 98.6%, 95.8%, and 88.2% respectively in 'O' group, and 97.6%, 94.5% and 91.8% in 'N' group respectively (P = 0.52). Patient survival (P = 0.63), mechanical complications (P = 0.09) and infective complications (P = 0.93) were comparable despite technically challenging surgery in 'O' group. Refractory peritonitis related PDC removal was comparable (P = 0.54). Prior haemodialysis or catheter related blood stream infections or diabetes were non-contributory to results. CONCLUSIONS: Catheter survival and patient survival amongst obese and overweight CAPD patients was non-inferior to normal weight patients. Mechanical, and infective complications were comparable despite technically challenging abdominal terrain in 'O' group. The overall CAPD performance was good amongst obese and overweight.

Profile of infections in renal transplant recipients from India.

BACKGROUND: Infectious disorders are a major cause of concern in renal transplant recipients (RTRs) leading to considerable morbidity and mortality. We studied the profile and outcomes of infectious disorders in a cohort of RTR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective, observational study, we evaluated all RTR who presented with the features of infection. We also included asymptomatic patients with microbiological evidence of infection. We excluded patients with acute rejection, drug toxicity, and malignancy. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the results. RESULTS: The study population (n = 45, 35 male and 10 female) had a mean age of 35.5 ± 10.4 years and follow-up after transplant was 2.1 ± 1.7 years. Urinary tract infection (UTI, n = 15) is the most common infection followed by tuberculosis (TB, n = 8), cytomegalovirus (n = 6), candidiasis (n = 7), and hepatitis (n = 11). Miscellaneous infections such as cryptosporidiosis and pneumocystis were seen in 10 patients. Simultaneous infections with two organisms were seen in 7 patients. Four patients succumbed to multiorgan dysfunction following sepsis, another 4 patients developed chronic graft dysfunction, while the remaining 35 RTR had a good graft function. CONCLUSION: Infectious complications are very common in the posttransplant period including UTI and TB. Further large scale studies are required to identify the potential risk factors leading to infections in RTR.

Highly successful and low-cost desensitization regime for sensitized living donor renal transplant recipients.

10-30% of dialysis population awaiting renal transplantation is sensitized. Present desensitization protocols use intravenous immune globulins, rituximab, and plasmapheresis in various combinations; however, these regimens are unaffordable by many in developing countries. We tried desensitization with mycophenolate mofetil and plasmapheresis. Methods. Patients with high PRA titre (> or =50%) or positive crossmatch (>10%) were treated with MMF for a month before proposed transplant and were given five sittings of plasmapheresis. Results. 11 of 12 patients had normalization of PRA/crossmatch with this regimen and were successfully transplanted. One patient lost the graft due to graft vein thrombosis, and two patients died within three months after transplant due to septicemia and pulmonary embolism, respectively, with a functioning graft. No patient, including the two who died, developed clinical rejection over a mean follow-up of 10 months (range 1-16 months). Mean serum creatinine at last follow up was 1.1 mg/dL (range 0.9-1.3 mg/dL). Conclusions. Though the number of patients studied is small, we feel that highly sensitized patients awaiting living donor renal transplant should be tried on this simple and cost-effective regime before transplant. The more aggressive and expensive approaches incorporating IVIg and rituximab should be used only if this relatively low-cost regime is unsuccessful.

Laryngeal stridor and myocardial infarction in a renal transplant recipient.

A living-unrelated renal transplant recipient presented with a history of fever with chills and rigors for 3 days. Clinically, the cause of the fever could not be localized. During a hospital stay of 72 hours, the patient developed sore throat, laryngeal stridor and acute myocardial infarction. A post-mortem revealed disseminated mucormycosis involving the larynx, heart, intestines, brain and the transplanted kidney.

Fatal cardiac tamponade in malarial acute renal failure.

Uremic hemorrhagic pericarditis occurs much less frequently in acute than in chronic renal failure, but when it does, it is a potentially fatal complication. The possibility of hemorrhagic pericarditis and cardiac tamponade should be considered in patients with acute renal failure and acute hemodynamic instability. This study reports a case of falciparum malaria complicated by acute renal failure that developed fatal cardiac tamponade in the recovery phase of acute renal failure.

Renal cortical nephrocalcinosis following acute renal failure due to polytrauma.

Renal cortical nephrocalcinosis is a rare condition in which there is calcification within the renal parenchyma. This article reports a 33-year-old patient who developed acute renal failure following multiple injuries leading to hemorrhagic shock. His renal failure improved gradually, though he required dialysis support for two months. Serial ultrasounds showed a progressive decrease in renal size, and a radiograph of the abdomen showed speckled calcification in both renal areas. A CT scan of abdomen showed diffuse cortical calcification involving the entire right kidney and upper half of the left kidney.