Subject(s)
Anaphylaxis/etiology , Bupivacaine/adverse effects , Knee , Methylprednisolone/adverse effects , Osteoarthritis/drug therapy , Anaphylaxis/therapy , Bupivacaine/administration & dosage , Drug Therapy, Combination , Humans , Injections, Intra-Articular , Male , Methylprednisolone/administration & dosage , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Thirteen-channel visual evoked potentials (VEPs) to pattern-onset were recorded with stimuli restricted to individual octants of the peripheral field, to halves and to quadrants of the fovea. The voltage of the CI component was measured in each channel to define its topography for each stimulated sector. The potential fields so obtained were then analysed to find the orientation and location of a dipole that would produce a corresponding pattern of voltages at the scalp. The locations of the computed dipoles are consistent with the hypothesis that CI is generated in striate cortex. The computed locations and orientations are not compatible with alternative arrangements of sources in extrastriate cortex. A significant problem remains. If CI is indeed generated by the striate cortex then the orientation of the dipoles excited by stimulation of the peripheral field indicates that the cortex is surface negative. This leads to the prediction that foveal stimuli will elicit a CI which is negative at posterior electrodes. The experiments reported here confirm that CI is positive with such stimuli, and its source is calculated as a horizontal dipole with its positive pole oriented posterolaterally. Two possible explanations are considered for the reversed polarity of foveal CI: (a) that macropotentials associated with stimulation of the fovea are opposite in polarity from those associated with stimulation of the peripheral field; (b) that the foveal area of the retinotopic map extends into the lateral calcarine fissure with the effect that much of it faces in the reverse direction from the cortex at the pole.
