ABSTRACT
We report an ongoing measles outbreak in Greece. The first cases were notified through the mandatory notification system on May 2017 in Northern Greece and concerned a cluster of three imported cases in unvaccinated Roma siblings. So far, 3150 cases have been reported in all 13 Regions. Initially, the outbreak mainly affected Greek Roma but as it progressed it spread to non-minority Greek nationals. The outbreak reached its ultimate peak on week 10/2018 but from week 15/2018 has been gradually declining. Most cases (60.6%) were Roma (especially children <10 year-old) followed by non-minority Greek nationals (29.3%; mostly young adults). The majority (80.4%) were unvaccinated. Interestingly, 129 (4.1%) cases were healthcare workers (HCWs). Genotype B3 was identified by molecular methods in all 87 cases tested. Overall, 61.3% of the cases were hospitalised. Complications were reported in 17.1% of the cases among which four deaths. The outbreak occurred after 3 years without local endemic measles transmission. Extensive vaccination implemented as the major public health measure managed to prevent the emergence of a large number of cases in refugee/migrant hosting sites. Mitigation efforts currently focus on raising awareness among HCWs and closing the immunisation gap in populations with suboptimal vaccination coverage.
Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Genotype , Measles Vaccine/administration & dosage , Measles virus/genetics , Measles/epidemiology , Population Surveillance , Vaccination/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Greece/epidemiology , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Young AdultABSTRACT
A measles outbreak (126 reported cases to date) has been ongoing in Greece, since January 2010, originally related to the recent outbreak in Bulgaria. Cases are mostly unvaccinated, and mainly belong to three groups: Roma population of Bulgarian nationality, Greek Roma population, and Greek non-minority population. In these population groups, 67%, 95%, and 25% of cases respectively were children aged 0-14 years. Measures were taken to raise clinical awareness, and vaccination of specific population groups was undertaken. Policies are necessary to increase routine vaccination uptake of hard-to-reach groups.
Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Measles/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Greece/epidemiology , Humans , Infant , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/AIM: Human Herpes Virus-8 (HHV-8) is a recently identified virus etiologically associated with Kaposi's sarcoma. Studies regarding its presence in the oral cavity have given variable results. This study attempted to determine the oral presence of HHV-8 in an area where classic Kaposi's sarcoma is primarily found such as Greece. METHODS: Three groups of patients were studied: 10 immunocompromised with hematologic malignancies, 10 immunocompromised with HIV infection and 20 immunocompetent as controls. Whole unstimulated saliva and scrapes from the lingual and the buccal mucosa were collected and polymerase chain reaction was applied to amplify HHV-8 DNA. RESULTS: None of the patients in any group had oral lesions. In the control group, all samples tested negative (0/60). HHV-8 DNA was detected in 5/30 (17%) of all samples from HIV-positive patients (the mean value of their CD4+ T-lymphocytes being 385/mm3) and in 13/30 (43%) of all samples from oncologic patients (mean CD4+ T-lymphocytes 51/mm3). HHV-8 DNA was found in 10% of saliva samples and 40% of lingual and buccal scrapes both of HIV-infected and of oncologic patients. CONCLUSION: HHV-8 is present in the saliva and the non-lesional oral mucosa (not simultaneously) of patients with impaired immunity, with or without HIV co-infection. The oral epithelium seems to represent an independent location of viral residency and may be of viral replication; the clinical implications need further clarification.
Subject(s)
HIV Infections/virology , Hematologic Neoplasms/virology , Herpesvirus 8, Human/isolation & purification , Immunocompromised Host , Mouth Mucosa/virology , Saliva/virology , Adult , Aged , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , DNA, Viral/analysis , Female , HIV Seropositivity/virology , HIV-1 , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology , Tongue/virologyABSTRACT
Immunoporation is a novel method of cell transfection based upon the use of a new type of beads, Immunofect beads, that can be targeted to make holes in different types of cells depending on the type of bead used. It is known that the efficiency of transfection of cells by some techniques can be affected by the presence of serum and another important factor that appears to affect transfection efficiency and cell viability is the osmolarity of the transfection medium. This report presents studies on the effects of serum and varying osmolarity on the efficiency of transfection using immunoporation. The results clearly indicate that in hypertonic media the presence of serum decreases the efficiency of transfection. In the case of osmolarity, increasing the osmolarity of the immunoporation medium increases the efficiency of transfection but above about 650 mOsm this increasing efficiency is offset by the much lower viability of the cells.
