ABSTRACT
"Regulatory science" (RS) has been defined in various ways, but, nevertheless, the definitions of RS in different parts of the world include many common elements. It seems to be a common view that RS is not basic or applied science but, rather, focuses on the estimation and prediction of safety and efficacy. Thus, we think RS overall should incorporate not only RS specifically for medical product assessment but also RS engineering to provide prediction and estimation tools for those purposes, including guideline/guidance development. It is important as well to consider the potential contribution of RS to rational medicine (i.e., to evidence-based medicine in a broader context), and especially to real-world evidence generation. We will look at how definitions of RS have evolved, and how we believe RS might develop in the future. Taking a patient-centric view, we re-emphasize RS is an ethical science contributing to society and human welfare.
Subject(s)
Evidence-Based Medicine/organization & administration , Global Health/legislation & jurisprudence , Technology Assessment, Biomedical/methods , Evidence-Based Medicine/legislation & jurisprudence , Government Regulation , Humans , Patient-Centered Care/legislation & jurisprudence , Patient-Centered Care/organization & administrationABSTRACT
Since the publication of "Application Guideline for Western Traditional Herbal Medicines as OTC Drugs" in 2007, only two European ethnopharmaceuticals, Vitis vinifera L., folium extract (Antistax) and Vitex agnus-castus L., fructus extract (Prefemin), have been approved as OTC drugs in Japan. In this review, we describe the current regulation of Western ethnopharmaceuticals in Japan, summarize our regulatory experiences and discuss the scientific and regulatory issues involved.
ABSTRACT
A liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed for simultaneous quantitative analysis of Achyranthes root saponins: chikusetsusaponins IVa (1) and V (2), achyranthosides B (3), C (4), D (5), E (6), and G (7), sulfachyranthosides B (8) and D (9), and betavulgarosides II (10) and IV (11). Satisfactory separation of the saponins was achieved with the use of a volatile ion-pair reagent (dihexyl ammonium acetate) on a phenyl-hexylated silica gel column, and the amounts of saponins extracted under three different conditions were determined. When Achyranthes root was extracted with water at room temperature, achyranthosides B (3) and D (5) were the major saponins, and smaller amounts of other saponins (4, 6-11) were present. However, the amounts of chikusetsusaponins (1 and 2) were negligible. Under the condition to make a standard decoction of a Kampo formula, the major saponins were achyranthosides B (3), C (4), and D (5), and small amounts of chikusetsusaponins IVa (1) and V (2) appeared, whereas prolonged heating largely increased the amounts of chikusetsusaponins. This method can be used for quality control of Achyranthes root.
Subject(s)
Achyranthes/chemistry , Oleanolic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Plant Roots/chemistry , Saponins/analysis , Chromatography, Liquid , Mass Spectrometry , Oleanolic Acid/analysis , Oleanolic Acid/chemistry , Saponins/chemistryABSTRACT
Two new sulfated oleanan saponins, sulfachyranthosides B (1) and D (2), were isolated from a water extract of Achyranthes root (root of Achyranthes bidentata). The structures were determined by analyses of spectroscopic data to be sulfates of achyranthosides B and D, respectively, at the 4'-position of the glucose moiety attached to the C-28 carboxylic acid of oleanolic acid.
