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1.
PeerJ ; 12: e17339, 2024.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38756443

ABSTRACT

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the multifaceted neurodegenerative diseases influenced by many genetic and epigenetic factors. Genetic factors are merely not responsible for developing AD in the whole population. The studies of genetic variants can provide significant insights into the molecular basis of Alzheimer's disease. Our research aimed to show how genetic variants interact with environmental influences in different parts of the world. Methodology: We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for articles exploring the relationship between genetic variations and global regions such as America, Europe, and Asia. We aimed to identify common genetic variations susceptible to AD and have no significant heterogeneity. To achieve this, we analyzed 35 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 17 genes (ABCA7, APOE, BIN1, CD2AP, CD33, CLU, CR1, EPHA1, TOMM40, MS4A6A, ARID5B, SORL1, APOC1, MTHFD1L, BDNF, TFAM, and PICALM) from different regions based on previous genomic studies of AD. It has been reported that rs3865444, CD33, is the most common polymorphism in the American and European populations. From TOMM40 and APOE rs2075650, rs429358, and rs6656401, CR1 is the common investigational polymorphism in the Asian population. Conclusion: The results of all the research conducted on AD have consistently shown a correlation between genetic variations and the incidence of AD in the populations of each region. This review is expected to be of immense value in future genetic research and precision medicine on AD, as it provides a comprehensive understanding of the genetic factors contributing to the development of this debilitating disease.


Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Alzheimer Disease/genetics , Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology , Humans , Europe/epidemiology , Asia/epidemiology , United States/epidemiology , Genetic Variation/genetics
2.
Molecules ; 28(21)2023 Oct 31.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37959790

ABSTRACT

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil) has been considered a narcotic drug for years, barred by the law in many parts of the world, while extensive research over the past few decades proves its several beneficial effects, some of which are still in ambiguity. In many countries, including Thailand, the indiscriminate use and abuse of kratom have led to the loss of life. Nonetheless, researchers have isolated almost fifty pure compounds from kratom, most of which are alkaloids. The most prevalent compounds, mitragynine and 7-hydroxy mitragynine, are reported to display agonist morphine-like effects on human µ-opioid receptors and antagonists at κ- and δ-opioid receptors with multimodal effects at other central receptors. Mitragynine is also credited to be one of the modulatory molecules for the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway and SOD, CAT, GST, and associated genes' upregulatory cascades, leading it to play a pivotal role in neuroprotective actions while evidently causing neuronal disorders at high doses. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antibacterial, and gastroprotective effects are well-cited. In this context, this review focuses on the research gap to resolve ambiguities about the neuronal effects of kratom and demonstrate its prospects as a therapeutic target for neurological disorders associated with other pharmacological effects.


Subject(s)
Mitragyna , Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids , Humans , Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1 , NF-E2-Related Factor 2 , Morphine , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Receptors, Opioid, mu , Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids/pharmacology
3.
Front Immunol ; 14: 1275001, 2023.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38187378

ABSTRACT

Significance: This review discusses the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathophysiology in the context of diabetes and intracellular reactions by COVID-19, including mitochondrial oxidative stress storms, mitochondrial ROS storms, and long COVID. Recent advances: The long COVID is suffered in ~10% of the COVID-19 patients. Even the virus does not exist, the patients suffer the long COVID for even over a year, This disease could be a mitochondria dysregulation disease. Critical issues: Patients who recover from COVID-19 can develop new or persistent symptoms of multi-organ complications lasting weeks or months, called long COVID. The underlying mechanisms involved in the long COVID is still unclear. Once the symptoms of long COVID persist, they cause significant damage, leading to numerous, persistent symptoms. Future directions: A comprehensive map of the stages and pathogenetic mechanisms related to long COVID and effective drugs to treat and prevent it are required, which will aid the development of future long COVID treatments and symptom relief.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome , Humans , Reactive Oxygen Species , Mitochondria , Oxidative Stress
4.
Biomed Pharmacother ; 135: 111211, 2021 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33421733

ABSTRACT

Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC. is described as a valuable medicinal plant in various popular systems of medicine. The aim of the experiment reports the in vivo antiulcer activity of methanol extract of Blumea lacera (MEBLL) and in silico studies of bioactive constituents of MEBLL. In this study, fasted Long-Evans rat treated with 80 % ethanol (0.5 mL) to induce gastric ulcer, were pretreated orally with MEBLL at different doses (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o., b.w) and omeprazole (20 mg/kg, p.o.) and distilled water were used as a reference drug and normal control respectively. In silico activity against gastric H+-K+ATPase enzyme was also studied. The findings demonstrated that the treatment with MEBLL attenuated markedly ulcer and protected the integrity of the gastric mucosa by preventing the mucosal ulceration altered biochemical parameters of gastric juice such total carbohydrate, total protein and pepsin activity. Additionally, the experimental groups significantly (p < 0.001) inhibited gastric lesions and malondealdehyde (MDA) levels and upregulated antioxidant enzymes level. Furthermore, nine compounds were documented as bioactive, displayed good binding affinities to against gastric H+-K+ATPase enzyme while these compounds illustrated inhibitory effect. From these studies, it is established MEBLL has ulcer healing property as unveiled by in vivo and in silico studies.


Subject(s)
Anti-Ulcer Agents/pharmacology , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Asteraceae , Gastric Mucosa/drug effects , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Proton Pump Inhibitors/pharmacology , Stomach Ulcer/prevention & control , Animals , Anti-Ulcer Agents/isolation & purification , Anti-Ulcer Agents/pharmacokinetics , Antioxidants/isolation & purification , Antioxidants/pharmacokinetics , Asteraceae/chemistry , Disease Models, Animal , Gastric Mucosa/metabolism , Gastric Mucosa/pathology , H(+)-K(+)-Exchanging ATPase/metabolism , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Plant Extracts/pharmacokinetics , Plant Leaves , Proton Pump Inhibitors/isolation & purification , Proton Pump Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Rats, Long-Evans , Stomach Ulcer/chemically induced , Stomach Ulcer/metabolism , Stomach Ulcer/pathology
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