ABSTRACT
We evaluated the effects of different nitrogen levels (380, 310, 240, and 174 ppm) on the life history parameters of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on hydroponically cultured tomato plants. Our data show that there is a positive correlation between the nitrogen content and the demographic parameters, as the intrinsic rate of increase of T. vaporariorum was the lowest (0.059 ± 0.007 day(-1)) at 174 ppm and the highest (0.088 ± 0.005 day(-1)) at 380 ppm of nitrogen. The net reproduction rate (R 0), finite rate of increase (λ), and mean developmental time (T) were significantly influenced by the nitrogen levels. The mean longevity of males and females showed a positive relationship with the nitrogen level, ranging from 64.8 ± 3.96 to 76.3 ± 2.44 for males and 61.6 ± 5.35 to 71.2 ± 2.44 for females, observed in the lowest and highest nitrogen levels, respectively. The relationship between nitrogen fertilization and T. vaporariorum management on tomato crops is discussed.
Subject(s)
Hemiptera/growth & development , Hydroponics , Nitrogen/chemistry , Solanum lycopersicum , Animals , Female , Fertilizers , MaleABSTRACT
During 2000 to 2001, all 170 female burn patients admitted to the Ghotbeddin Burn Centre in Shiraz were studied to determine the epidemiological characteristics and outcome of burn for these patients. The overall mortality rate was 64%. The highest frequency of burns (53.5%) occurred among 16-25-year-olds. The commonest cause of burn was flame (98.2%). The mean (SD) length of hospital stay was 13 (14.3) days. Mean (SD) of total body surface area (TBSA) burned among all patients was 56% (28.5%); among those who survived it was 29% (13.4%) and among those who died it was 72% (21.7%). The relation between TBSA and mortality was statistically significant.
Subject(s)
Burn Units , Burns/epidemiology , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Women , Adolescent , Adult , Age Distribution , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Analysis of Variance , Body Surface Area , Burns/etiology , Burns/prevention & control , Causality , Chi-Square Distribution , Female , Hospital Mortality , Humans , Iran/epidemiology , Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data , Middle Aged , Outcome Assessment, Health Care , Population Surveillance , Sex Distribution , Surveys and Questionnaires , Survival Analysis , Trauma Severity IndicesABSTRACT
During 2000 to 2001, all 170 female burn patients admitted to the Ghotbeddin burn centre in Shiraz were studied to determine the epidemiological characteristics and outcome of burn for these patients. The overall mortality rate was 64%. The highest frequency of burns [53.5%] occurred among 16-25-year-olds. The commonest cause of burn was flame [98.2%]. The mean [SD] length of hospital stay was 13 [14.3] days. Mean [SD] of total body surface area [TBSA] burned among all patients was 56% [28.5%]; among those who survived it was 29% [13.4%] and among those who died it was 72% [21.7%]. The relation between TBSA and mortality was statistically significant