Prediction of severity of dengue infection in children based on hepatic involvement.

Background and Aim: To assess the spectrum of hepatic involvement in children with dengue fever (DF) and prediction of severity of dengue infection by early detection of elevated liver enzymes. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital from June 2019 to September 2019. Children admitted with DF were included. Severity of DF was graded as dengue without warning sign (DNWS), with warning sign (DWS), and severe dengue fever (SDF) according to WHO criteria. Liver injury (LI) was defined as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) more than upper limit of normal irrespective of sex. Results: Of 190 children (male, 109) with DF, 60 had DNWS, 49 had DWS, and 81 had SDF. A total of 100 children (52.6%) had LI. The distribution of hepatic involvement spectrum involves hepatomegaly (26.3%), hepatic tenderness (25.2%), features of acute liver failure (1.5%), raised level of ALT (52.6%), raised level of aspartateaminotransferase (AST) (65.8%), prolonged prothrombin time (7.3%), and reduced level of serum albumin (44.7%) in children. Of them, 5.8% and 6.8% of children had >tenfold increase in ALT and AST values. The degree of liver function derangement significantly (P < 0.05) increased with DF severity. In our study, ALT at 422 IU/L (10 times upper limit of normal [ULN]) and AST 689 IU/L (17 times ULN) had similar sensitivity and specificity as WHO recommended cutoff of 1000 IU/L (25 times of ULN) to detect SDF. Conclusion: ALT ≥10 times and AST ≥17 times of ULN are as sensitive as ≥25 times (as recommended by WHO) to detect SDF.

Ratio of aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase to total bilirubin in Wilsonian acute liver failure in children.

BACKGROUND: Acute liver failure (ALF) caused by Wilson disease (WD) is always fatal. Therefore, a quick diagnosis of WD is needed to start immediate management. This study aims to determine the ratio of aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) and the ratio of alkaline phosphatase to total bilirubin (ALP/TB) in diagnosing Wilsonian acute liver failure (WALF) in children. METHODS: Sixty children with acute liver failure were included in this study, of whom 40 had WALF and 20 had a non-Wilsonian acute liver failure (non-WALF). The serum ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin of each blood sample were measured. We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of AST/ALT ratio and ALP/TB ratio in WALF diagnosis. RESULTS: Consanguinity and Kayser-Fleischer (K-F) rings were found in 32.5% and 72.5% of WALF cases, respectively. The mean hemoglobin, median ALT, median alkaline phosphatase, and mean ceruloplasmin of children with WALF were lower than those in the non-WALF group. In WALF cases, the median AST/ALT ratio was higher than in non-WALF cases. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy of the ratio of AST to ALT were 70%, 95%, 96.5%, 61.3% and 78.3%, respectively. However, when the cutoff value is ≥ 1.85, the maximum sensitivity produced by the AST/ALT ratio is 77.5% and the specificity is 95%. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and diagnostic accuracy of the ratio of ALP/TB < 4 were 32.5%, 100%, 100%, 42.5%, and 55%, respectively. The overall mortality rate was 50%, while the WALF mortality was 60%. CONCLUSION: A positive AST/ALT and ALP/TB ratio strongly suggest WALF, but a negative result does not exclude WALF. We cannot use these ratios as a diagnostic tool for children with WALF. In WALF cases, the mortality rate is remarkably high, and the high score of the new Wilson index predicts the mortality rate without liver transplantation.

Functional constipation in Bangladeshi school aged children: A hidden misty at community.

BACKGROUND: Constipation is a common problem in children and a frequent cause of hospital visit in both primary & specialized care, which needs proper evaluation & management. Presentation of constipation is variable among children. In Bangladesh there has been no published data regarding constipation in community among school aged children. AIM: To determine the magnitude of functional constipation and its risk factors in community among Bangladeshi school children. METHODS: This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in different schools of Dhaka division, Bangladesh. All school aged children between 5-16 years of age who attended school were included in this study. Samples were collected randomly. Proper clinical history & physical examinations (without digital rectal examination) & available investigations (if done previously) were recorded. Diagnosis of functional constipation was done by Rome IV criteria and was compared with children without constipation. Children with any red flag sign, known chronic disease or any findings suggestive of organic disease and on treatment of constipation were excluded. Statistical analysis of the results was done by using Windows based software device with Statistical Packages for Social Science 20. For all statistical tests, P value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS: Total study populations were 707 and male was 443 and female 264. Among them, 134 (19%) children had constipation. In constipated children, 78 children fulfilled the Rome IV criteria for functional constipation and it was 11% of total population. Mean age of children having functional constipation was 11.24 ± 3.54 years and Male female ratio was 1:1.78. Anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain, hard stool, blood with hard stool, alternate hard and loose stool and fecal mass in left iliac fossa were analyzed between two group and all were significantly higher in children with functional constipation group. Children of school, where toilet numbers were inadequate had 2.5 times more constipation risk in comparison to children of school with adequate toilet number (OR = 2.493, 95%CI: 1.214-5.120). Children who feel embarrassed to use toilet at school, had 3.6 times higher risk of constipation (OR = 3.552, 95%CI: 1.435-8.794). Here children with H/O affected sibs and parents/grandparents had 4 and 2.6 times more chance of constipation respectively in comparison to children without H/O affected sibs (OR = 3.977, 95%CI: 1.884-8.397) and parents/grandparents (OR = 2.569, 95%CI: 1.172-5.629). Children with inadequate fluid intake had 2 times more risk of constipation in comparison to children with adequate fluid intake (OR = 1.972, 95%CI: 1.135-3.426). Children who passed electronic screen time of > 2 h/d had 2 times more chance of constipation in comparison to children who passed electronic screen time < 2 h (OR = 2.138, 95%CI: 1.063-4.301). CONCLUSION: Constipation is not uncommon in Bangladeshi school aged children. Inadequate toilet number, family history of constipation, inadequate fluid intake, feeling embarrassed to use toilet at school, and electronic screen time for > 2 h/d were found as risk factors in the present study for functional constipation.

Non-endoscopic predictors of esophageal varices in children with chronic liver disease and their utility in resource-constrained countries.

BACKGROUND: Although endoscopy is the standard diagnostic screening test to identify esophageal varices in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD), selective endoscopy in patients who are at higher risk of having varices may be cost-effective in a resource-constrained country. The aim of this prospective study was to identify non-endoscopic parameters that may predict the presence of varices, especially high-risk esophageal varices in children with CLD. METHODS: From January 2016 through March 2018, consecutive children with CLD without a history of variceal bleeding were prospectively included. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy was done in all the children to detect and to grade esophageal varices. Both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were done using SPSS version 22 to identify factors associated with esophageal varices. RESULTS: The mean age of 84 children was 9.7 ± 3.2 years (male 44). Esophageal varices were present in 71.4% of children and 55% of them had large varices. On univariate analysis, low platelet count (< 100,000/mm3) and splenomegaly were found to be associated with the presence of esophageal varices (p = 0.006 and 0.001, respectively) and large varices (p = 0.03 and 0.01, respectively). On multivariate analysis, both low platelet count and splenomegaly were independent predictors for the presence of esophageal varices (respectively, OR 11.21, 95% CI 1.2-96.9; and OR 11.39, 95% CI 3.19-40.59). CONCLUSIONS: Splenomegaly and low platelet count independently predict the presence of any grade of esophageal varices and can be used as screening tests to select children for endoscopy. This strategy may help in relieving medical, social, and economic costs in resource-constrained countries.