In-vivo dark-field and phase-contrast x-ray imaging.

Novel radiography approaches based on the wave nature of x-rays when propagating through matter have a great potential for improved future x-ray diagnostics in the clinics. Here, we present a significant milestone in this imaging method: in-vivo multi-contrast x-ray imaging of a mouse using a compact scanner. Of particular interest is the enhanced contrast in regions related to the respiratory system, indicating a possible application in diagnosis of lung diseases (e.g. emphysema).

The influence of exposure parameters on jawbone model accuracy using cone beam CT and multislice CT.

OBJECTIVE: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of exposure parameters on jawbone model accuracy when using cone beam CT (CBCT) and multislice CT (MSCT). METHODS: A lower and an upper edentulous human cadaver jaw were scanned using micro-CT (Skyscan 1173 high energy spiral scan micro-CT; Skyscan NV, Kontich, Belgium) at 35 µm to serve as true reference. The in vitro samples were exposed using six CBCT units and one MSCT system. CBCT exposure protocols were chosen according to clinically available settings. The variables were kilovoltage, milliamperage, voxel size and/or scan time. Image segmentation was based on local thresholds using profile lines. The resulting jawbone segmentations were registered with the reference and image processing was done to internally fill the segmentations. A point-based distance calculation was performed between the three-dimensional objects and reference scans and deviation percentages were calculated for 2 mm, 1 mm and 0.5 mm intervals. RESULTS: All points of the MSCT surface models lay within a 1 mm deviation range and 98.5% within 0.5 mm compared with micro-CT. For the different CBCT systems, accuracy came close to MSCT with mean percentages of 98.9% within 1 mm deviation and 92.8% within 0.5 mm. A difference of approximately 1% between lower and upper jaws could be perceived. For the specific CBCT exposure protocols, only scan time and voxel size revealed certain significant differences. CONCLUSION: Jawbone model accuracy using CBCT was comparable with MSCT. The surface models of the upper jaws deviated slightly more than those for lower jaws. CBCT exposure settings had a limited influence on accuracy with scan time and voxel size as the main factors.