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J Alzheimers Dis ; 78(3): 1245-1257, 2020.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33252089

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Fluid intelligence (FI) involves abstract problem-solving without prior knowledge. Greater age-related FI decline increases Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, and recent studies suggest that certain dietary regimens may influence rates of decline. However, it is uncertain how long-term food consumption affects FI among adults with or without familial history of AD (FH) or APOE4 (ɛ4). OBJECTIVE: Observe how the total diet is associated with long-term cognition among mid- to late-life populations at-risk and not-at-risk for AD. METHODS: Among 1,787 mid-to-late-aged adult UK Biobank participants, 10-year FI trajectories were modeled and regressed onto the total diet based on self-reported intake of 49 whole foods from a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). RESULTS: Daily cheese intake strongly predicted better FIT scores over time (FH-: ß= 0.207, p < 0.001; ɛ4-: ß= 0.073, p = 0.008; ɛ4+: ß= 0.162, p = 0.001). Alcohol of any type daily also appeared beneficial (ɛ4+: ß= 0.101, p = 0.022) and red wine was sometimes additionally protective (FH+: ß= 0.100, p = 0.014; ɛ4-: ß= 0.59, p = 0.039). Consuming lamb weekly was associated with improved outcomes (FH-: ß= 0.066, p = 0.008; ɛ4+: ß= 0.097, p = 0.044). Among at risk groups, added salt correlated with decreased performance (FH+: ß= -0.114, p = 0.004; ɛ4+: ß= -0.121, p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Modifying meal plans may help minimize cognitive decline. We observed that added salt may put at-risk individuals at greater risk, but did not observe similar interactions among FH- and AD- individuals. Observations further suggest in risk status-dependent manners that adding cheese and red wine to the diet daily, and lamb on a weekly basis, may also improve long-term cognitive outcomes.


Subject(s)
Apolipoprotein E4/genetics , Cognition , Cognitive Dysfunction/epidemiology , Cognitive Dysfunction/genetics , Diet/statistics & numerical data , Intelligence , Problem Solving , Aged , Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology , Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology , Alzheimer Disease/genetics , Alzheimer Disease/psychology , Biological Specimen Banks , Cheese , Cognitive Dysfunction/psychology , Disease Progression , Female , Gene-Environment Interaction , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Medical History Taking , Middle Aged , Red Meat , Sodium Chloride, Dietary , United Kingdom , Wine
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