The burden of cardiovascular disease attributable to high fasting plasma glucose：Findings from the global burden of disease study 2019.

AIM: High fasting plasma glucose (HFPG) is a key risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Few studies have evaluated the CVD burden attributable to HFPG globally. It is urgent to investigate the current epidemiological pattern and past trends of CVD attributable to HFPG. METHODS: We used the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019 to describe the CVD burden attributable to HFPG in 2019 and evaluate temporal trends between 1990 and 2019. RESULTS: Global Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) cases and death cases of HFPG-related CVD were approximately 72,591,163 and 3,763,298 in 2019, with an increase of 107.4 % and 114.6 % compared with 1990, respectively. Despite the increases, the age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDAR) and age-standardized death rate (ASDR) of HFPG-related CVD contributed to 895.2 per 100,000 people and 48.4 per 100,000 people in 2019, with an estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of -0.22 and -0.31, respectively, from 1990. The highest ASDAR and ASDR of HFPG-related CVD were in 2019 observed in the low-middle SDI (Socio-demographic Index) and middle-SDI regions. Low SDI and some low-middle SDI regions showed an increase in ASDAR and ASDR of HFPG-related CVD from 1990 to 2019. Males are more affected by HFPG-related CVD than females across all years. The CVD burden attributable to HFPG in the elderly are higher than those in the young in 2019. The main causes of the global CVD burden attributable to HFPG in 2019 were ischemic heart disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. CONCLUSION: The CVD burden attributable to HFPG remains a serious public health challenge threatening human health worldwide. It is necessary to develop more targeted and specific strategies to reduce CVD burden attributable to HFPG, especially in males, elderly, and lower SDI regions.

The burden of cardiovascular disease attributable to high body mass index-an observational study.

AIM: This study aims to provide a timely and comprehensive estimate of the current burden and temporal trend of cardiovascular disease (CVD) attributable to high body mass index (HBMI). METHODS: We systematically assessed the current burden and temporal trend of CVD attributable to HBMI by calendar year, age, sex, region, nation, socioeconomic status, and specific CVD based on the most recent Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019. RESULTS: Globally, the numbers of CVD-related disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and deaths attributable to HBMI has more than doubled from 1990 to 2019. Conversely, the age-standardized rates (ASRs) of CVD-related DALYs and deaths attributable to HBMI showed a slight downward trend, with estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of -0.18 and -0.43, respectively. The ASRs of CVD-related DALYs and deaths attributable to HBMI were lower in low and high Socio-demographic Index (SDI) regions in 2019, but higher in middle and high-middle SDI regions. The ASRs of CVD-related DALYs and deaths attributable to HBMI showed a downward trend in the high SDI regions from 1990 to 2019, but showed an upward trend in the low and low-middle SDI regions. The leading causes of CVD burden attributable to HBMI were ischemic heart disease, stroke, hypertensive heart disease, and atrial fibrillation/flutter in 2019. CONCLUSION: The CVD burden attributable to HBMI remains a challenging global health concern. Policymakers in high and increasing burden regions can learn from some valuable experiences of low and decreasing burden regions and develop more targeted and specific strategies to prevent and reduce CVD burden attributable to HBMI.

Novel Double-Layer Dissolving Microneedles for Transmucosal Sequential Delivery of Multiple Drugs in the Treatment of Oral Mucosa Diseases.

The development of transmucosal drug delivery systems is a practical requirement in oral clinical practice, and controlled sequential delivery of multiple drugs is usually required. On the basis of the previous successful construction of monolayer microneedles (MNs) for transmucosal drug delivery, we designed transmucosal double-layer sequential dissolving MNs using hyaluronic acid methacryloyl (HAMA), hyaluronic acid (HA), and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). MNs have the advantages of small size, easy operation, good strength, rapid dissolution, and one-time delivery of two drugs. Morphological test results showed that the HAMA-HA-PVP MNs were small and intact in structure. The mechanical strength and mucosal insertion test results indicated the HAMA-HA-PVP MNs had appropriate strength and could penetrate the mucosal cuticle quickly to achieve transmucosal drug delivery. The in vitro and in vivo experiment results of the double-layer fluorescent dyes simulating drug release revealed that MNs had good solubility and achieved stratified release of the model drugs. The results of the in vivo and in vitro biosafety tests also indicated that the HAMA-HA-PVP MNs were biosafe materials. The therapeutic effect of drug-loaded HAMA-HA-PVP MNs in the rat oral mucosal ulcer model demonstrated that these novel HAMA-HA-PVP MNs quickly penetrated the mucosa, dissolved and effectively released the drug, and achieved sequential drug delivery. Compared to monolayer MNs, these HAMA-HA-PVP MNs can be used as double-layer drug reservoirs for controlled release, effectively releasing the drug in the MN stratification by dissolution in the presence of moisture. The need for secondary or multiple injections can be avoided, thus improving patient compliance. This drug delivery system can serve as an efficient, multipermeable, mucosal, and needle-free alternative for biomedical applications.

Global, regional and national burden of alcohol cardiomyopathy from Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

This study aimed to provide up-to-date and comprehensive estimates on the global alcohol cardiomyopathy (ACM) from 1990 to 2019. Detailed data on the prevalence, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), deaths,percentage change in the number of cases and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of ACM worldwide from 1990 to 2019 were obtained or calculated from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019. Globally, the estimated prevalent cases of ACM in 2019 were 707,652 [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 545,182-924,392], with a 35.4% (28.2-44.2) increase from 522,616 (95% UI: 394,118-683,206) in 1990, while the age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) was slightly decreased with an overall EAPC of - 1.30 (- 1.38 - - 1.22). Similar to ASPR, the global age-standardized DALYs rate and age-standardized death rate (ASDR) also declined, with an EAPC of - 1.12(- 2.09 - - 0.14) and - 1.53(- 2.36 - - 0.70) from 1990 to 2019, respectively. Conversely, the number of ACM-related DALYs cases in 2019 was 2,441,108 (95% UI: 2,046,734-2,782,542), with an increase of 38.8%(2.8-59.9) over the past 30 years, and the number of ACM-related deaths in 2019 was 71,723 (95% UI: 60,167-81,995), with an increase of 33.1% (0.5- 51.9) compared with 1990. A significant variation in the burden of ACM was observed between different regions and countries. Although the ASPR, age-standardized DALYs rate and ASDR slightly decreased from 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of prevalent cases, DALYs cases and deaths significantly increased. This showed that the burden of ACM remains an important global public health concern. Public health policy and decision-makers should develop and implement more effective strategies specific to geographical location to combat and reduce the burden of ACM in the future.

Global burden of atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and its attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2019.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to estimate the global burden of atrial fibrillation (AF)/atrial flutter (AFL) and its attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2019. METHODS AND RESULTS: The data on AF/AFL were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019. Incidence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and deaths were metrics used to measure AF/AFL burden. The population attributable fractions (PAFs) were used to calculate the percentage contributions of major potential risk factors to age-standardized AF/AFL death. The analysis was performed between 1990 and 2019. Globally, in 2019, there were 4.7 million [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 3.6 to 6.0] incident cases, 8.4 million (95% UI: 6.7 to 10.5) DALYs cases, and 0.32 million (95% UI: 0.27 to 0.36) deaths of AF/AFL. The burden of AF/AFL in 2019 and their temporal trends from 1990 to 2019 varied widely due to gender, Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) quintile, and geographical location. Among all potential risk factors, age-standardized AF/AFL death worldwide in 2019 were primarily attributable to high systolic blood pressure [34.0% (95% UI: 27.3 to 41.0)], followed by high body mass index [20.2% (95% UI: 11.2 to 31.2)], alcohol use [7.4% (95% UI: 5.8 to 9.0)], smoking [4.3% (95% UI: 2.9 to 5.9)], diet high in sodium [4.2% (95% UI: 0.8 to 10.5)], and lead exposure [2.3% (95% UI: 1.3 to 3.4)]. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that AF/AFL is still a major public health concern. Despite the advancements in the prevention and treatment of AF/AFL, especially in regions in the relatively SDI quintile, the burden of AF/AFL in regions in lower SDI quintile is increasing. Since AF/AFL is largely preventable and treatable, there is an urgent need to implement more cost-effective strategies and interventions to address modifiable risk factors, especially in regions with high or increased AF/AFL burden.

Homocysteine (HCY) levels in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF): A meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common persistent arrhythmia, and its complications include cerebral embolism, arterial embolism and heart failure. Some studies have found that elevated Homocysteine (HCY) levels is a new risk factor for AF. Currently, there is no meta-analysis to explore whether the HCY levels is related to AF. Therefore, a meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship between the HCY levels and AF, in order to draw the attention of clinicians to the HCY levels. METHODS: A meta-analysis was performed in the study to evaluated the association between the HCY levels and AF. In order to identify eligible original articles, The EMBASE, PubMed, and web of science were systematically searched until November 2020. All data were analyzed with Review Manager 5.3. The meta-analysis results were evaluated depending on standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Moreover, the subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were also analyzed. RESULTS: The HCY levels was significantly associated with AF (WMD = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.58 to 1.03; P < .00001). In the analysis, there was a medium degree of heterogeneity (I2 = 73%). Subgroup analysis showed that female < 60, BMI≥25, BMI <25, age ≥60 and publication year ≥2010 were identified as possible sources of heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis showed that the main results remained unchanged after omitting any single study or converting the random effects model (REM) to fixed effects model (FEM). CONCLUSIONS: The meta-analysis showed that there is a significant correlation between the HCY levels and AF, and the role of HCY in AF patients should not be ignored in clinical.

Simultaneous quantification of Panax and Epimedium species using Rapid Resolution Liquid Chromatography (RRLC).

Two Rapid Resolution Liquid Chromatography (RRLC) methods have been developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of eight major ginsenosides from Panax species, namely, R1, Rg1, Re, Rf, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd, and flavonoids from Epimedium species, namely, epimedins A, B, and C and icariin. The analyses were performed using an Agilent 1200 series RRLC system with Phenomenex Luna C18-HST and Zorbax Eclipse XDB columns. The separation was performed with a gradient mobile phase of A (pure water) and B (acetonitrile) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and 2.5 mL/min, respectively. Both columns were kept at 40 degrees C with the detection wavelength set at 203 nm. Specific eluted compounds were identified by using reference samples of ginsenosides R1, Rg1, Re, Rf, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rd, and epimedins A, B, C and icariin. Baseline separation was achieved in less than 15 minutes for the Phenomenex Luna column and 4 minutes for the Zorbax Eclipse column. Characteristic RRLC profiles were established for complex mixtures of ginsenosides from Panax species and flavonoids from Epimedium species. Both methods developed here are effective for the quality control of formulated products containing both Panax and Epimedium varieties.

Simultaneous quantification of Echinacea species, Flos Lonicerae, Radix Scutellaria and Fructus Forsythiae combinations by rapid resolution liquid chromatography.

Echinacea angustifolia and E. purpurea are commonly used in North America for their anti-bacterial effects. Flos Lonicerae, Radix Scutellaria and Fructus Forsythiae are traditional Chinese medicinal herbs commonly used for the treatment of complaints such as pneumonia, acute upper respiratory tract infection, and acute bronchitis. A reproducible, simple, and reliable rapid resolution liquid chromatographic (RRLC) method has been developed to analyze extracts of products formulated containing E. angustifolia, E. purpurea, Flos Lonicerae, Radix Scutellariae and Fructus Forsythiae simultaneously in one run in less than 6 minutes. The method uses a C18-HST column, a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% aqueous phosphoric acid solution and acetonitrile, and UV detection at 327 nm and 229 nm. A stability test was performed that revealed that chlorogenic acid is more stable in acidic pH, and hence it is best to keep the extract of E. augustifolia, E. purpurea, Flos Lonicerae, Radix Scutellariae and Fructus Forsythiae in mild acidic conditions at approximately pH 5.

Rapid resolution liquid chromatography (RRLC) analysis for quality control of Rhodiola rosea roots and commercial standardized products.

A simple, sensitive and reliable reversed phase Rapid Resolution Liquid Chromatography (RRLC) method was developed and validated for six biologically active compounds (salidroside, tyrosol, rosarin, rosavin, rosin and rosiridin) in Rhodiola rosea L. roots and powder extracts. The method uses a Phenomenex C18 (2)-HST column at 40 degrees C with a neutral gradient system mobile phase (H20 and acetonitrile), a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and UV detection wavelengths set at 205 and 254 nm, simultaneously. Baseline separation of the six active compounds was achieved within 8 minutes. The average percentages of rosavins (rosarin, rosavin, and rosin) in authentic R. rosea roots and root powder extracts were quantitatively determined and a characteristic R. rosea roots RRLC profile was established. The RRLC method is accurate and sensitive; in addition, it effectively increases the sample analysis throughput compared with conventional HPLC.