ABSTRACT
AIM: The purpose of this investigation was to further explore the mechanism(s) underlying the amelioration in EAE caused by Fasudil, particularly focusing on anti-inflammatory effect. METHODS: We induced a chronic-progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in B6 mice immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein(35-55) and performed Fasudil intervention in early and late stages of the disease. RESULTS: The administration of Fasudil (40 mg/kg, i.p) had a therapeutic effect in delaying the onset and ameliorating the severity of EAE, accompanied by the improvement in myelination and the decrease in inflammatory cells in spinal cords. Fasudil inhibited TLR-4, p-NF-kB/p65, and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α) and enhanced IL-10 production in spinal cords. The ratio of arginase/iNOS was enhanced mainly in the spinal cords of EAE mice treated with Fasudil, reflecting a shift toward the M2 (antiinflammation) macrophage/microglia phenotype. The administration of Fasudil also induced the upregulation of CB2 receptor in spinal cords, but did not significantly trigger CB1 receptor. Levels of neurotrophic factors NGF, BDNF, and GDNF in the CNS were not altered by Fasudil. CONCLUSION: Fasudil ameliorates disease progression in EAE, acting possibly through antiinflammatory pathway.
Subject(s)
1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine/analogs & derivatives , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use , Disease Progression , Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy , Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism , Inflammation Mediators/metabolism , 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine/pharmacology , 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine/therapeutic use , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology , Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology , Female , Inflammation Mediators/antagonists & inhibitors , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Molecular Sequence DataABSTRACT
AIM: To explore the effect of Fasudil on LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglia in inflammatory reaction and phenotype conversion. METHODS: The routinely cultured BV-2 microglia in vitro were divided into PBS control group, PBS plus Fasudil treatment group, LPS stimulation group and LPS plus Fasudil group. We determined the production of NO by Griess reaction, the level of TNF-α by ELISA, and analyzed the M1 and M2 phenotypes of microglia by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The treatment of LPS lead to the characteristics of M1 phenotype in BV-2 microglia. Fasudil inhibited the production of NO and the release of TNF-α in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglia. Interestingly, Fasudil transformed inflammatory M1 cells to anti-inflammatory M2 cells. CONCLUSION: Fasudil shows an anti-inflammatory effect, which may be associated with the conversion of inflammatory M1 microglia to anti-inflammatory M2 cells.
